Contents

	PAGE
Value of Additional Letters of the Alphabet	xiii
Full Titles of Books consulted and referred to	xiv
Illustrations	xxiii

CHAPTER I
GEOGRAPHICAL, POSITION AND CRANIOLOGY OF THE FINNS
Geographical Position of the Western Finns	3
Geographical Position of the Eastern Finns	7
The Čudes	13
Physical Features of the Country	15
Physical and Mental Characteristics of the Finns	17
The Mordvins	21
The Čeremis	26
The Votiaks	28
Permians and Zịrians	29
Table I.	32
Finnish Crania	33
Tables II. and III.	34, 35
Crania from the Baltic Provinces	40
Table IV.	42
Table V.	45
Table VI.	47
p. x

CHAPTER II
	PAGE
The Neolithic Age in Finland	53
Neolithic Man or the Shores of Lake Ladoga and Eastwards	58
Table VII.	59
The Station of Kolomtsị	65
Finds in Olónets	66
The Valley of the Oká	68
The Valley of the Volga	73
The Government of Viátka	76
The Government of Perm	78
Neolithic Period in the Baltic Provinces	80
General Conclusions	84
The Bronze Age in Finland	87
The Bronze Age in Northern Russia	89
Fatianovo Crania	92
The Bronze Age in the Baltic Provinces	95
The Transition from Bronze to Iron	96
The Earlier Iron Age in Finland	101
The Earlier Iron Age in the Baltic Provinces	103
Table VIII. facing	109
The Earlier Iron Age in Eastern Russia	117

CHAPTER III
Historical Notices of Classical Authors, etc.	126

CHAPTER IV
THE PREHISTORIC CIVILISATION OF THE FINNS
The Gods and Divinities	150
Clan Gods	162
Beliefs, Wizards	168
Ancestral Worship	176
p. xi
	PAGE
The Family	179
Classifactory System of Relationship	185
Mutual Avoidance	194
Personal Names	195
The House, Domestic Occupations, etc.	197
The Metals	204
Domestic Animals	213
Tree-Names	222
Reasons for supposing that the Finns have been in Europe since the beginning of the Neolithic Period in North Central Russia	224
Table IX., showing the Range of forty-nine Culture-Words	225

CHAPTER V
The Third or Iranian Period	228
The Volga, the old Trade Route	239
The Fourth or Lithuanian Period	242
The Fifth or Proto-Scandinavian Period	249
Geographical Position of the West Finns at this time	255
The Sixth or Early Slav Period	257
The Seventh or Tatar Period	260
Loan-Words of the Mordvins	261
Loan Words of the Čeremis	264
Loan-Words of the Votiaks	266

CHAPTER VI
BELIEFS OF THE WEST FINNS AS EXHIBITED IN THE MAGIC SONGS
Spirits	271
Ukko	273
Ilmarinen	278
p. xii
Väinämöinen	280
Tapio and the Divinities of the Forest	285
Hiisi	292
Lempo	299
Water-Spirits—Ahti, Vellamo, etc.	300
Earth-Spirits, Sämpsä Pellervoinen	302
Luonto (Nature)—Luonnotar	306
Maidens of the Air, of Springs, etc.	309
Pohjola	314
Lapland, Turja	318
Personifications of Death—Kalma, Tuoni, Mana	320
Sun, Moon, Great Bear	323
Elves, Brownies	326
Giants—Tursas, Turilas	328
Rahkoi	329
Perkele, Piru	329
God, the Creator	331
Jesus, Mary	335
Saints	339
Kaleva	341
Wizards, Sorcerers, etc.	344
Disease	348
Inducements to depart	349
Places whither Diseases are conjured	351
Instruments	353
Defensive Precautions	354
Helpers	355
Precedents	358
Blessing and Cursing	359
Offerings, Worship	362

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