CHAPTER II

1 Brandes, 1894a, p. 35; Bezemer, p. 87.

2 For other versions in which the tortoise so tricks the ape see Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 367; Kangean Islands, van Ronkel, p. 71; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Annam, id. 1886b, p. 115; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.

3 Brandes, 1894a, p. 35. For other versions see Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 367; Sumatra (Achin), Hurgronje, ii. 163; (Lampong) van Ophuijsen, pp. 129, 140; Kangean Islands, van Ronkel, p. 72; Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 198; (Milanau) Low, i. 347; (Bajau) Evans, p. 474; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 392; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, pp. 359, 367, 386; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 205; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.

4 Brandes, 1894a, p. 36; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, pp. 368, 385; Chain, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Cambodia, loc. cit.; Annam, id. 1886b, p. 215.

5 This is the Sundanese version, Kern, 1900, p. 366; Brandes, 1894b, p. 382. For other versions see Sumatra (Achin), Hurgronje, ii. 163; (Lampong) van Ophuijsen, p. 128; Malay, Brandes, loc. cit.;

p. 333

Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 199; (Milanau) Low, i. 347; (Bajau) Evans, p. 474; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 392; (Tontemboan) Juynboll, p. 317; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, p. 359; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 206; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.; Annam, Landes, 1886b, p. 116.

6 Westenek, 1899, p. 19S. For other versions see Crossland, i. 343; (Bajau) Evans, p. 471; Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 37; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 374; Sumatra (Lampong), van Ophuijsen, p. 129; Malay, Brandes, 1894b, p. 62; Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1876, p. 58; (Toradja) Adriani, 1898, p. 365; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, p. 393; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 210.

7 See supra, p. 134.

8 Admiralty Islands, Parkinson, p. 713; New Guinea (Kuni), Egidi, 1913, p. 997.

9 Java, Brandes, 1894a, pp. 40, 133. For other versions see Borneo (Milanau), Low, i. 347; (Dusun) Evans, p. 477; Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 313; Cham, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.

10 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 39. For other versions see ib. pp. 47, 134, 140; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 359; Sumatra (Achin), Hurgronje, ii. 163; (Lampong) van Ophuijsen, p. 126; Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 201; (Bajau) Evans, p. 475; Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1876, p. 66; (Toradja) Adriani, 1902a, p. 390; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 199; Japan, Serrurier, in Adriani, 1898, p. 344, note.

11 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 39; Winsedt, p. 63; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 359; Sumatra (Achin), Hurgronje, ii. 63; (Lampong) van Ophuijsen, p. 127; (Batak) van der Tuuk, p. 215; Pleyte, 1894, p. 267; Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 200; (Bajau) Evans, p. 475; Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1876, p. 65; (Toradja) Adriani, 1898, p. 359; id. 1903, p. 391; Sangir Islands, id. 1893, pp. 406, 409; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 199; Cambodia, Landes, 1900, pp. 235 ff.; id. 1886b, p. 117; Malay Peninsula (Perak), Laidlaw, p. 81; India, Frere, p. 211. In some of the versions the captive either makes the crocodile laugh or open his mouth to give the conqueror's cry, and so escapes.

12 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 48; Sumatra (Lampong), van Ophuijsen, p. 127; Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 200; Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1876, p. 65; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, p. 406; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 200; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.; India, Frere, p. 211. In some of these versions the crocodile, instead of floating in the stream, hides in the trickster's house. When the latter comes, he says, "If it is my house, it will answer when I call," and the crocodile, answering, betrays himself.

13 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 45; Winsedt, p. 68; Sumatra (Lampong),

p. 334

van Ophuijsen, p. 135; Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 489; India, Hitopadesa, I. iv. 9; Jâtaka, No. 16.

14 Java, Brandes, 1894a, pp. 37, 132; for other versions see id. 1903, p. 84; Winsedt, p. 68; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 366; Sumatra (Lampong), van Ophuijsen, p. 126; (Batak) Pleyte, 1894, p. 209; Borneo, Low, i. 347; Celebes (Minahassa), Schwarz, p. 312; (Toradja) Adriani, 1903, pp. 123, 125; Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 492; Philippines, Maxfield and Millington, 1906, p. 108; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.; Annam, Landes, 1886b, p. 116. The details vary slightly, but the idea is the same in all.

15 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1910) p. 3 11; Java, Brandes, 1894a, pp. 43, 135; Malay, id. 1894b, p. 54.

16 See previous note and Java, Brandes, 1903, p. 81; for other versions see Sunda, Kern, 1908, p. 62; Malay Peninsula (Kedah), Skeat, 1901, p. 28; India, Keith-Falconer, p. 27.

17 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 43; Malay Peninsula (Kelantan), Skeat, 1901. p. 45; India, Sukasaptati, No. 44.

18 Sumatra (Lampong), van Ophuijsen, p. 133; (Achin) Hurgronje, ii. 161; Java, Brandes, 1903, p. 83; Sunda, Kern, 1900, p. 370; Borneo, Westenek, 1899, p. 209; (Bajau) Evans, p. 475; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 362; id. 1910, p. 209; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 222; Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 315; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 198; Malay Peninsula (Pahang), Skeat, 1901, p. 331; Cambodia, Aymonier, pp. 30 ff.

19 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 389; (Minahassa) Riedel, 1869c, p. 311; P. N. Wilken, p. 382; (Parigi) Adriani, 1898, p. 344; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, pp. 366, 382; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 198; Borneo (Dusun), Evans, p. 429.

20 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, pp. 344,346; id. 1902a, p. 390; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, pp. 351, 356, 366, 373, 383; Halmahera (Tobelo), van Dijken, p. 240; Borneo (Dusun), Evans, p. 430; Malay Peninsula (Kelantan), Skeat, 1901, p. 6.

21 Landes, 1886b, p. 114.

22 Keith-Falconer, p. 164.

23 Nauru, Hambruch, p. 450.

24 New Guinea (Astrolabe Bay and Finschhafen), Hagen, p. 284; (Goodenough Bay) Seligmann, p. 410; Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 36 (cf. Fiji, Fison, p. 22).

25 Funafuti, David, p. 100.

26 Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1876, p. 55; Riedel, 1869b, p. 313; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893, p. 44; Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 205; Java, Kern, 1892, p. 17; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 58; (Visayan) Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 316; (Tagalog) Rizal, p: 245; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 195.

p. 335

27 Rizal, p. 245.

28 Banks Islands, Codrington, p. 360.

29 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 357; id. 1910, p. 196; (Minahassa) Riedel, 1869b, p. 311; P. N. Wilken, p. 383; Louwerier, 1876, p. 58; (Parigi) Adriani, 1898, p. 358; Sangir Islands, id. 1893, pp. 406, 420; Rotti, Jonker, 1905, p. 411.

30 Meier, 1909, pp. 49, 187. Cf. Solomon Islands, Fox and Drew, p. 204.

31 Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 207; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 407; (Minahassa) Riedel, 1869b, p. 313; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 59; (Visayan) Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 317; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 195; Borneo, Hose and Macdougall, ii. 148.

32 Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 208; Riedel, 1869b, p. 313; Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 407; (Minahassa) P. N. Wilken, p. 382; Sangir Islands, Louwerier, 1876, p. 55; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 60; (Visayan) Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 317; (Tinguian) Cole, 1915, p. 195; cf. New Zealand, Grey, p. 125.

33 Halmahera (Galela), van Dijken, p. 208; Celebes (Minahassa), Riedel, 1869b, p. 314; Philippines (Bagobo), Benedict, p. 60; (Visayan) Maxfield and Millington, 1907, p. 318; cf. New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 543; New Caledonia, Lambert, p. 317.

34 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1910, p. 309; cf. Melanesia, supra, p. 125.

35 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1910, p. 321.

36 Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 45; Winsedt, p. 62; Celebes (Minahassa), Louwerier, 1872, p. 36; Malay Peninsula (Kedah), Skeat, 1901, p. 20.

37 Celebes (Tontemboan), Juynboll, p. 316; Malay Peninsula (Perak), Laidlaw, p. 87.

38 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 478; Celebes (Minahassa), Schwarz, p. 313; P. N. Wilken, p. 380; (Toradja) Adriani, 1903, p. 124; Sumbawa, Jonker, 1903, p. 280; Savoe, ib. p. 288; Borneo (Dusun), Evans, p. 428; Philippines (Visayan), Maxfield and Millington, 1906, p. 109; cf. New Hebrides, Suas, 1912, p. 38.

39 Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 491; cf. New Guinea (Nufoor), van Hasselt, p. 559; (Kai) Keysser, p. 192.

40 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1902a, p. 426; id. 1910, p. 280; Borneo, Westenek, p. 205; Java, Brandes, 1894a, p. 40; Sumatra (Battak), van der Tuuk, p. 85; Pleyte, 1894, pp. 256, 310; (Achin) Hurgronje, ii. 162; Malay, Adriani, 1902a, p. 429; Malay Peninsula (Kelantan), Skeat, 1901, pp. 9, 12.

41 Celebes (Toradja), Adriani, 1898, p. 356; id. 1902a, p. 432; (Minahassa) Riedel, 1869b, p. 311; Sangir Islands, Adriani, 1893,

p. 336

p. 424; Halmahera (Loda), van Baarda, p. 470; Mentawei Islands, Morris, p. 95. Cf. Japan, Serrurier, in Adriani, 1898, p. 357, note.