a

as in father, bar; Germ. haben

a:

the same sound prolonged

â

as in what; Germ. man

ä

as in hat, man, ran

ai

as in aisle, as i in mine; bind; Germ. Hain

au

as ou in out, as ow in how; Germ. Haus

c

as sh in shall; Germ. sch in schellen; cio-sho as in show

d

pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth

e

as e in they, as a in may; Fr. ne

ê

as in met, get, then; Germ. denn; Fr. sienne

g

as in gig; Germ. geben; Fr. gout

h

as in has, he; Germ. haben

i

as in pique, machine; ie as ye in English yea

i:

the same sound prolonged io as yo in you

î

as in pick, pit

j

as in judge

k

as in kick, kin

n

as in no, nun, not

ñ

as ng in ring, sing

o

as in note, boat

q

as ch in Germ. ich

s

as in see, sat

t

pronounced with the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth

u

as in rule; Germ. du; Fr. on in doux

û

as in rut, shut

w

as in wit, win

y

as in yes, yet

dj

as j in judge

tc

as ch in church; tci-chee as in cheese

marks nasalized vowels; as aⁿ, eⁿ, êⁿ, oⁿ, âⁿ, aiⁿ, etc.

`

indicates an aspiration or soft emission of the breadth which is initial or final, thus `h, ê<sup>n`</sup>, o`, etc.

?

marks a sudden closure of the glottis preceding or following a sound, thus ?a, o?, i?, â?, etc.

'

marks the accented syllable of a word