Contents

CONTENTS.

	CHAPTER I.
	INTRODUCTION.
		Page
1.	The Theatre	1-6
	1. Ancient Arabia	1
	2. The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shi‘ites	2
	3. The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa	3
	4. The Abbasids. Bagdad	3
	5. Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate	5
2.	Oriental Wisdom	6-11
	1. Semitic Speculation	6
	2. Persian Religion. Zrwanism	8
	3. Indian Wisdom	8
3.	Greek Science	11-30
	1. The Syrians	11
	2. The Christian Churches	11
	3. Edessa and Nisibis	12
	4. Harran	13
	5. Gondeshapur	14
	6. Syriac Translations	14
	7. Philosophy among the Syrians	16
	8. Arabic Translations	17
	9. The Philosophy of the Translators	19
	10. Range of Tradition	21
	11. Continuation of Neo-Platonism	22
	12. The "Book of the Apple"	24
	13. The "Theology of Aristotle"	25
	14. Conception of Aristotle	27
	15. Philosophy in Islam	28
	p. x
	CHAPTER II.
	PHILOSOPHY AND ARAB KNOWLEDGE.
		Page
1.	Grammatical Science	31-35
	1. The several Sciences	31
	2. The Arabic Language. The Koran	31
	3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa	32
	4. Grammar influenced, by Logic. Metrical Studies	33
	5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy	35
2.	Ethical Teaching	36-41
	1. Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna, Hadith, Ra’y)	36
	2. Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation (Idjma)	37
	3. Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical System (al-Fiqh)	38
	4. Ethics and Politics	40
3.	Doctrinal Systems	41-64
	1. Christian Dogmatic	41
	2. The Kalam	42
	3. The Mutazilites and their Opponents	43
	4. Human and Divine Action	44
	5. The Being of God	46
	6. Revelation and Reason	48
	7. Abu-l-Hudhail	49
	8. Nazzam	51
	9. Djahiz	53
	10. Muammar and Abu Hashim	54
	11. Ashari	55
	12. The Atomistic Kalam	57
	13. Mysticism or Sufism	62
4.	Literature and History	65-61
	1. Literature	65
	2. Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri	65
	3. Annalistic. Historical Tradition	67
	4. Masudi and Muqaddasi	69
	CHAPTER III.
	THE PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY.
1.	Natural Philosophy	72-80
	1. The Sources	72
	2. Mathematical Studies	73
	3. Natural Science	75
	4. Medicine 76
	5. Razi	77
	6. The Dahrites	80
	p. xi
		Page
2.	The Faithful Brethren of Basra	81-96
	1. The Karmatites	81
	2. The Brethren and their Encyclopaedia	82
	3. Eclecticism	84
	4. Knowledge	85
	5. Mathematics	87
	6. Logic	89
	7. God and the World	90
	8. The Human Soul	92
	9. Philosophy of Religion	93
	10. Ethics	94
	11. Influence of the Encyclopaedia	95
	CHAPTER IV.
	THE NEO-PLATONIC ARISTOTELIANS OF THE EAST.
1.	Kindi	97-106
	1. His Life	97
	2. Relation to Theology	99
	3. Mathematics	100
	4. God; World; Soul	101
	5. Doctrine of the Spirit (‘aql)	102
	6. Kindi as an Aristotelian	104
	7. The School of Kindi	105
2.	Farabi	106-128
	1. The Logicians	106
	2. Farabi's Life	107
	3. Relation to Plato and Aristotle	108
	4. Farabi's Conception of Philosophy	110
	5. His Logic	111
	6. His Metaphysics. Being. God	114
	7. The Celestial World	115
	8. The Terrestrial World	117
	9. The Human Soul	118
	10. The Spirit in Man	119
	11. Farabi's Ethics	121
	12. His Politics	122
	13. The Future Life	123
	14. General Survey of Farabi's System	124
	15. Effects of his Philosophy. Sidjistani	126
3.	Ibn Maskawaih	128-131
	1. His Position	128
	2. The Nature of the Soul	128
	3. The Principles of his Ethics	129
	p. xii
		Page
4.	Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	131-148
	1. His Life	131
	2. His Work	132
	3. Branches of Philosophy. Logic	134
	4. Metaphysics and Physics	135
	5. Anthropology and Psychology	139
	6. The Reason	141
	7. Allegorical Representation of the Doctrine of the Reason	143
	8. Esoteric Teaching	144
	9. Ibn Sina's Time. Beruni	145
	10. Behmenyar	146
	11. Survival of Ibn Sina's Influence	147
5.	Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen)	148-153
	1. Scientific Movement turning Westward	148
	2. Ibn al-Haitham's Life and Works	149
	3. Perception and Judgment	150
	4. Slender effect left by his Teaching	152
	CHAPTER V.
	THE OUTCOME OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST.
1.	Gazali	154-168
	1. Dialectic and Mysticism	154
	2. Gazali's Life	155
	3. Attitude towards his Time: Hostility to Aristotelianism	158
	4. The World as the Production of God's Free Creative Might	159
	5. God and Divine Providence	162
	6. Doctrine of the Resurrection	163
	7. Gazali's Theology	164
	8. Experience and Revelation	166
	9. Estimate of Gazali's Position and Teaching	168
2.	The Epitomists	169-171
	1. Position of Philosophy in the East, after Gazali's Time	169
	2. Philosophical Culture	170
	CHAPTER VI.
	PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST.
1.	Beginnings	172-175
	1. The Age of the Omayyads	172
	2. The Eleventh Century	174
	p. xiii
		Page
2.	Ibn Baddja (Avempace)	175-181
	1. The Almoravids	175
	2. Ibn Baddja's Life	176
	3. The Character of his Works	177
	4. His Logic and Metaphysics	177
	5. His Opinions regarding Soul and Spirit	178
	6. The Individual Man	179
3.	Ibn Tofail (Abubacer)	181-187
	1. The Almohads	181
	2. Ibn Tofail's Life	182
	3. "Hai ibn Yaqzan"	182
	4. "Hai" and the Development of Humanity	184
	5. "Hai's" Ethics	185
4.	Ibn Roshd (Averroes)	187-199
	1. His Life	187
	2. Ibn Roshd and Aristotle	188
	3. Logic. Attainability of Truth	189
	4. The World and God	191
	5. Body and Spirit	193
	6. Spirit and Spirits	194
	7. Estimate of Ibn Roshd as a Thinker	196
	8. Summary of his Views on the Relations of Theology, Religion and Philosophy to one another. Practical Philosophy	197
	CHAPTER VII.
	CONCLUSION.
1.	Ibn Khaldun	200-208
	1. The Conditions of his Time	200
	2. Ibn Khaldun's Life	201
	3. Philosophy and Worldly Experience	202
	4. Philosophy of History. Historical Method	204
	5. The Subject of History	205
	6. Characterization	206
2.	The Arabs and Scholasticism	208-213
	1. Political Situation. The Jews	208
	2. Palermo and Toledo	209
	3. Parisian Averroism in the Thirteenth Century	211

CONTENTS.

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