Index
INDEX
- Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, 201
- Abruzzi, All Souls’ Eve in, 192;
- “new water” in, 333
- “Adam,” drama, 127
- Adam and Eve, their Day, 271
- Adam of St. Victor, 33
- “Adeste, fideles,” 63
- Advent, 90;
- Alexandria, pagan rites at, 20
- All Saints’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 189
- All Souls’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 181, 189
- Alsace, Christkind in, 230;
- New Year's “May” in, 269
- Alsso of Brĕvnov, 183
- Ambrose, St., 31
- Amburbale, 353
- Amiens, Feast of Fools at, 305
- Anatolius, St., hymn of, 100
- Ancestor-worship, 181, 253, 290, 341
- Andrew, St., his Day, 173, 213, 277
- Animals, carol of, 69;
- Ansbach, Martinmas in, 206
- Antwerp, soul-cakes at, 194;
- Apples, customs with, 195, 207, 278
- Ara Coeli, Rome, 115
- Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, 224
- Armenian Church, Epiphany in, 22
- Artemis and St. Nicholas, 218
- Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, 163
- Aschenklas, 219, 231
- Ashes, superstition about, 258
- Ass, Prose of the, 304
- Athens, New Year in, 331
- Aubrey, J., 308
- Augury, 182, 195, 214, 225, 237, 321
- Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), 21, 179
- Aurelian, 23
- Austria, Christmas poetry in, 45;
- Awdlay, John, 47
- Bach, J. S., 73
- Baden, All Souls’ Eve in, 192
- Balder, 273
- Baptism of Christ, celebrated at Epiphany, 20, 101
- Barbara, St., her festival, 268
- Bari, festival of St. Nicholas at, 221
- Barring out the master, 224
- Bartel, 219
- Basil, St., his festival, 331
- Basilidians, 21
- Basle, Council of, 305
- Bavaria, St. Martin's rod in, 207;
- Beauvais, Feast of the Ass at, 305
- Bede, Venerable, 181, 203p. 392
- Bees on Christmas Eve, 234
- Befana, 244, 278, 343
- Belethus, Johannes, 302
- Belgium, All Souls’ Eve in, 192, 194;
- Bentzon, Madame Th., 96
- Berchta. See Perchta
- Berlin, pyramids in, 266;
- biscuits in, 288
- Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, 33
- Berry, cake customs in, 287, 339
- Bethlehem, Christmas at, 94, 107
- Biggar, bonfires at, 327
- Bilfinger, Dr. G., 172
- Birds fed at Christmas, 289
- Blindman's buff, 293
- Boar's head, 284, 348
- Bohemia, the “star” in, 152;
- Boniface, St., 171
- Boy Bishop, 212, 306;
- “Breast-strip” rites, 328
- Breviary, the Roman, 90
- Briid, 354
- Brimo, 21
- Brittany, Herod play in, 141;
- Brixen, cradle-rocking at, 111
- Brixlegg, Christmas play at, 143 f.
- Bromfield, Cumberland, barring out the master at, 224
- Brough, Westmoreland, Twelfth Night tree at, 270
- Brunnen, Epiphany at, 341
- Budelfrau, 220
- Burchardus of Worms, 181
- Burford, Christmas holly at, 275
- Burghead, “Clavie” at, 327
- Burns, Robert, 197
- “Bush, burning the,” 346
- Buzebergt, 220
- Byrom, John, 84
- Caballero, Fernan, 66, 117, 151
- Caesarius of Arles, 170, 181
- Cakes, “feasten,” 177;
- Calabrian minstrels, 112
- Calamy, 185
- Caligula, 168
- Callander, Hallowe'en at, 198
- Cambridge, St. Clement's Day at, 212
- Canada, Christmas Eve superstition in, 234
- Candlemas, 350, 352
- Candles, on St. Lucia's Day, 212;
- Yule, 258
- Cards, Christmas, 279
- Carinthia, St. Stephen's Day in, 312
- Carnival, 300, 349
- Carols, meaning of the word, 47;
- Catholicism and Christmas, 27, 186
- Celtic New Year, 172, 189, 195, 203, 321
- Centaurs, 247
- Cereal sacraments, 177.
- See also Cakes
- Chambers, Mr. E. K., 5, 125, 299, 302, 348
- Charlemagne, coronation of, 96
- Charms, New Year, 182, 195, 321
- Cheshire, Old Hob in, 199;
- poultry specially fed at Christmas, 289
- Chester plays, 128, 133
- Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 85
- Childermas, 315
- Children's festivals, 205, 218, 223, 359
- China, New Year in, 324
- Chios, Christmas rhamna in, 270
- Christkind as gift-bringer, 205, 230, 277
- Christmas, pagan and Christian elements in, 18, 161, 357;
- names of, 20;
- establishment of, 20;p. 393
- its connection with earlier festivals, 20;
- becomes humanized, 25, 34;
- in poetry, 31;
- liturgical aspects of, 89;
- in popular devotion, 104;
- in drama, 121;
- its human appeal, 155, 357;
- attracts customs from other festivals, 173, 226, 277, 284;
- decorations, 178, 272;
- feasting, 178, 283;
- presents, 276;
- masking customs, 297;
- log, see Yule Log
- Christmas Eve, 229;
- Christmas-tree, 168, 178, 263;
- its origin, 267
- Christpuppe, 231
- Chrysostom, 269
- Church, Dean, 34
- Circumcision, Feast of, 101, 302.
- See also New Year's Day
- Clement, St., his Day, 211
- Cleobury Mortimer, curfew at, 258
- Clermont, shepherd play at, 141
- Coffin, Charles, 64
- Communion, sacrificial, 174
- “Comte d'Alsinoys,” 56, 58
- Cornwall, Hallowe'en custom in, 196;
- Coventry plays, 128, 130, 138
- Cradle-rocking, 108
- Crashaw, 79
- Crib, Christmas, 105, 113;
- Crimmitschau, 112
- Crivoscian customs, 231, 253, 276, 346
- Croatia, St. Andrew's Eve in, 215;
- Christmas log customs in, 251
- Cronia, 166
- Dalmatia, Yule log customs in, 252
- Dancing, 47, 293, 298, 302
- Daniel, Jean, 56, 58
- Dannhauer, J. K., 265
- Dasius, St., 167
- Dead, feasts of the, 173, 180, 189, 235, 240, 253, 341
- Decorations, evergreen, 168, 178, 350, 355
- Denisot, Nicholas, 56, 58
- Denmark, “star-singing” in, 151;
- Derbyshire, “kissing-bunch” in, 274;
- Plough Monday in, 352
- Devil, and beast masks, 202;
- and flax, 240
- Devon, “Yeth hounds” in, 240;
- Dew, Christmas, 288
- Dickens, Charles, 359
- Dinan, Herod play at, 141
- Dionysus, as child-god, 21;
- Dorstone, Hallowe'en at, 197
- Drama, Christmas, in Latin, 121;
- Drinking customs, 36, 204, 285, 314, 327
- Druids and mistletoe, 273
- Duchesne, Monsignor, 20, 24
- Durham, Candlemas at, 353
- Düsseldorf, Martinmas at, 206
- Dyzemas, 315
- Eckhart, 42, 157
- Edinburgh, New Year in, 325
- Eiresione, 270
- Encina, Juan del, 149
- England, Christmas poetry in, 47, 76;
- Midnight Mass in, 99;
- possible survivals of the Christmas crib in, 118, 274;
- the Nativity in the miracle cycles, 128;
- “souling” in, 192;
- Hallowe'en in, 195;
- Guy Fawkes Day in, 198;
- animal masks in, 199;p. 394
- Martinmas in, 203;
- St. Clement's Day in, 211;
- St. Catherine's Day in, 212;
- St. Andrew's Day in, 213;
- St. Thomas's Day in, 225;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234;
- Yule log in, 257;
- Yule candle in, 259;
- pyramids and Christmas-trees in, 266, 270;
- the Holy Thorn in, 268;
- evergreen decorations in, 272;
- Christmas boxes in, 279;
- Christmas fare in, 283;
- sacrificial survivals and Christmas games in, 292;
- mummers and sword-dancers in, 297;
- Feast of Fools in, 305;
- Boy Bishop in, 220, 306;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 292, 311;
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315;
- New Year's Day in, 321, 332;
- Epiphany customs in, 337, 345;
- Candlemas in, 350, 353;
- Rock Day in, 351;
- Plough Monday in, 352
- Ephraem Syrus, 31, 239
- Epiphanius, 21
- Epiphany, early history of the festival, 20;
- in the Roman Church, 101;
- in the Greek Church, 102;
- Blessing of the Waters at, 102, 244, 246, 344;
- Italian religious ceremonies at, 116;
- in drama, 125;
- old German name for, 243;
- folk customs on, 293;
- Twelfth Night cakes and kings, 337;
- expulsion of evils, 341;
- the Befana and the Magi, 343;
- wassailing, 345;
- “Haxey Hood,” 347;
- farewells to Christmas, 349
- Erzgebirge, Christmas plays in, 144, 232;
- Eschenloh, berchten at, 342
- Esthonians, All Souls’ Day among, 191
- Ethelred, laws of, 21
- Etzendorf, St. Martin's rod at, 207
- Evans, Sir Arthur, 253
- Eves, importance of for festival customs, 196
- Expulsion rites, 104, 181, 217, 327, 341, 344
- Fabriano, Gentile da, 148
- Fare, Christmas, 283
- Feasting, connected with sacrifice, 178, 284;
- Feien, 231
- Feilberg, Dr. H. F., 6, 236, 313
- Festivals, origin and purpose of, 17;
- Fire, not given out at Christmas or New Year, 170, 257;
- “First-foots,” 208, 252, 323
- Fish eaten on Christmas Eve, 287
- Flagellants, 146
- Flamma, Galvano, 147
- Fletcher, Giles, 82
- Florence, Nativity plays at, 147;
- Befana at, 343
- Fools, Feast of, 180, 302
- Football, 349
- Fowler, Dr. W. Warde, 167
- France, Christmas poetry in, 55;
- Midnight Mass in, 96;
- Christmas drama in, 124, 138;
- All Souls’ Eve in, 191;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234;
- Christmas log in, 254;
- Christmas-tree in, 267;
- Harvest May in, 271;
- presents brought by le petit Jésus, 278;
- Christmas cakes in, 287;
- Feast of Fools in, 302;
- Boy Bishop in, 308;
- Innocents’ Day in, 316;
- New Year in, 322;
- aguillanneuf in, 329;
- Epiphany in, 339, 344, 349;
- Candlemas candles in, 353
- Francis, St. (of Assisi), and Christmas, 36, 105, 157, 289
- Frazer, Dr. J. G., 6, 167, 180, 182, 199, 276, 288, 324
- Frick, Frau, 241
- Frigg, 241
- Friuli, All Souls’ Day in, 194
- Frumenty, 285
- Games, Christmas, 293p. 395
- Gaude, Frau, 241
- Gautier, Théophile, 64
- Gay, 196
- Geese-dancers, 299
- Genealogy, chanting of the, 93
- George, St., in mummers’ plays, 299
- Gerhardt, Paul, 73
- Germanicus, 202
- Germany, Christmas established in, 21;
- Christmas poetry in Catholic, 42;
- Protestant hymns in, 70;
- Christmas services in, 98;
- the crib and Kindelwiegen in, 107;
- Christmas drama in, 143;
- “star-singing” in, 152;
- Roman customs in, 171;
- pre-Christian New Year in, 171;
- soul-cakes in, 194;
- the Schimmel and other animal masks in, 199;
- Martinmas customs in, 202;
- St. Andrew's Eve in, 214;
- St. Nicholas in, 218, 229;
- St. Thomas's Eve in, 225;
- Christmas Eve in, 229, 237;
- Twelve Days superstitions in, 240;
- Frau Berchta, etc., in, 241;
- werewolves in, 246;
- Christmas log in, 256;
- Christmas-tree in, 263, 359;
- Harvest May in, 271;
- Christmas presents in, 277;
- Christmas fare in, 286;
- sacrificial relics in, 292;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 312, 315;
- St. John's Day in, 314;
- Holy Innocents’ Day in, 316;
- New Year in, 322, 332
- Gilmorton, “Christmas Vase” at, 118
- Glastonbury thorns, 268
- “Gloria in excelsis,” 91, 94
- Goethe, 266
- Goliards, 49, 128
- Gomme, Sir Laurence, 257, 354
- Goose, Martinmas, 203;
- Christmas, 284
- Gozzoli, Benozzo, 148
- Grampus, 219
- Greece, Epiphany ceremonies in, 102, 244, 344;
- Greek Church, Epiphany in, 22, 102;
- Gregorie, 315
- Gregory III., 107
- Gregory the Great, letter to Mellitus, 179, 203
- Guernsey, Christmas superstitions in, 234, 240;
- oguinane in, 330
- Guisers, 297
- Guy Fawkes Day, 182, 198
- Habergaiss, 201
- Habersack, 201
- Hakon the Good, 21, 172
- Hallowe'en, 182, 195
- Hampstead, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
- Hans Trapp, 230
- Hardy, Mr. Thomas, 48, 234
- Harke, Frau, 241
- Harrison, Miss Jane, 21, 176, 325
- “Haxey Hood,” 347
- Herbert, George, 81
- Herefordshire, Hallowe'en in, 197;
- Herod plays, 126, 129, 141, 153
- Herrick, 81, 257, 338, 345, 354
- Hertfordshire, pyramids in, 266
- Hindu New Year, 322
- Höfler, Dr., 288
- Hogmanay, 328
- Holda, Frau, 241
- Holland, the “star” in, 152;
- Holly, 272, 275
- Holy Innocents’ Day, 127, 302, 306, 315
- Horn-cakes, 202, 204
- Hornchurch, boar's head at, 348
- Horn-dance, 201
- Horse, as a sacrificial animal, 200;
- Howison, 234
- Hubert, St., his Day, 202
- Hunt, Leigh, 337
- Huysmans, J. K., 93
- Hymns, Latin, 31, 42
- Iceland, “Yule host” in, 240
- Image, Prof. Selwyn, 85
- “In dulci jubilo,” 44
- Incense used for purification, 183, 225, 244, 327
- Ireland, Christmas carols in, 69;
- Italy, Christmas poetry in, 36, 67;
- Ivy, 272, 275
- Jacopone da Todi, 36, 39, 146
- James, St., Gospel of, 124
- Jerome, St., 181
- Jerusalem, Christmas at, 22, 94
- John, St., Evangelist, his Day, 302, 314
- Johnson, Lionel, 85
- Johnson, Richard, 301
- Jonson, Ben, 298
- Julebuk, 202
- Julian the Apostate, 23
- Julklapp, 278
- Kalends of January, the Roman festival, 24, 165, 167, 200, 269;
- Kallikantzaroi, 244
- Kindelwiegen, 108
- King of the Bean, 180, 338
- “Kissing-bunch,” 274
- Kissling, K. G., 266
- Klapperbock, 201
- Klaubauf, 219
- Klöpfelnächte, 216
- Knecht Ruprecht, 220, 231
- Kore, 21
- Krampus, 219
- Labruguière, Epiphany in, 342
- Lake, Prof. K., 20, 24
- La Monnoye, 62
- Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, 198
- Latin Christmas poetry, 31, 42, 63, 68
- Lawson, Mr. J. C., 247, 301
- Lead-pouring, 215, 237, 332
- Leather, Mrs., 269, 346
- Le Moigne, Lucas, 56
- Libanius, 168, 269
- Liberius, Pope, 107, 352
- Lima, Christmas Eve at, 98
- Lithuania, feast of the dead in, 195;
- New Year's Eve in, 332
- Log customs. See Yule log
- Lombardy, Christmas log in, 256
- London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, 103;
- Lord Mayor's day, 202
- Lord of Misrule, 298
- Lorraine, cake customs in, 287, 339
- Lucia, St., her festival, 221, 268
- Lucian, 166
- Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
- Lullabies, 51, 67, 83, 109
- Luther, Martin, 70, 265
- Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, 354
- Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, 217;
- Macée, Claude, 141
- Madrid, 97, 153, 343
- Magi in drama, 125, 128, 151;
- as present-bringers, 343
- Magic, 163
- Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, 99;
- Mana, 176
- Mannhardt, W., 252, 313
- Marguerite of Navarre, 141
- Marseilles, “pastorals” at, 141
- Martin of Braga, 272
- Martin I., Pope, 203
- Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, 106, 112, 142
- Martinmas, an old winter festival, 173, 182, 200, 202;
- Masking customs, 169, 175, 199, 206, 219, 230, 245, 297, 304, 352
- Mass, Midnight, 94;
- the three Christmas Masses, 94
- Mechlin, Martinmas at, 206
- Mellitus, Abbot, 179
- Mexico, Christmas drama in, 154
- Michaelmas, 173
- Milan, Epiphany play at, 147
- Milton, 82
- Mince-pies, 284
- Minnesingers, 36
- “Misterio de los Reyes Magos,” 128
- Mistletoe, 272, 276
- Mistral, Frédéric, 255
- Mithra, 23
- Modranicht, 181
- Monasticism and Christmas, 34
- Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, 340
- Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, 252
- Morgan, Lady, 114
- Morris, William, 85
- Morris-dancers, 299
- Mouthe, “De fructu” at, 288
- Mummers’ plays, 297
- Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, 107;
- Murillo, 65
- Mythology, in relation to ritual, 164, 176
- Naogeorgus, 111, 217, 353
- Naples, zampognari at, 112;
- Natalis Invicti, 23, 165
- New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, 24, 167, 276;
- Nicea, Council of, 22
- Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, 173, 207, 277;
- Noël, origin of the name, 22;
- the French carol, 55
- Normandy, “star-singing” in, 151;
- Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213;
- Dyzemas in, 315
- Northumberland, holly in, 275
- Norway, Christmas established in, 21;
- Notker, 32
- Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196;
- Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285
- Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342
- Nuts, customs with, 195, 207
- “O's,” Great, 92
- Oak as a sacred tree, 254
- Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143, 272
- Ocaña, F. de, 65
- Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, 288
- Old Hob, 199p. 398
- Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42
- Oxford, boars head at, 284
- Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104
- Parcae, 181
- Paris, Christmas in, 98;
- Paschal, Françoise, 61
- Pasquier, Étienne, 339
- Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161
- Pellegrin, Abbé, 63
- Pelzmärte, 206, 217
- Perchta, 181, 241, 342
- Perun, 254
- Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213
- Philocalian Calendar, 20
- Pifferari, 112
- Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218
- Pliny, 273
- Plough Monday, 300
- Plum-pudding, 284
- Plygain, 99
- Poland, the “star” in, 152;
- Polaznik, 231, 252, 323
- Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168, 276;
- Presepio. See Crib
- “Prophetae,” 127
- Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27, 70, 111, 138, 141, 185, 229
- Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141, 154;
- Prudentius, 32
- Puppet-plays, 153 f.
- Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas
- Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77, 180, 184, 298
- Pyramids, 266
- Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268
- “Raging host,” 240, 242
- Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252
- Ramsgate, hodening at, 200
- Rauchnächte, 225, 327
- Rhys, Sir John, 189, 321, 325
- Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212;
- Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252
- Rolle, Richard, 48
- Rome, Christmas established in, 20;
- Rossetti, Christina, 85
- Rouen, religious plays at, 124, 138
- Roumania, the “star” in, 152;
- Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104, 246;
- Saboly, 62
- Sacrifice, theories of, 174;
- Salers, Christmas king at, 340
- Samhain, 172, 204
- Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102
- Santa Klaus, 220
- Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 95, 107, 114
- Saturnalia, 24, 113, 165, 180, 359
- Schiller, 266
- Schimmel and Schimmelreiter, 199, 206, 231
- Schoolboys’ festival, 223.
- See also Boy Bishop
- Scotland, Christmas carols in, 70;
- Sedulius, Coelius, 32
- Sequences, 32
- Serao, Matilde, 113
- Serbs, Christmas customs of, 251, 341
- Shakespeare, 239, 298
- Shepherds in Christmas drama, 123, 132, 139
- Shropshire, soul-cakes in, 192;
- Sicily, Midnight Mass in, 98;
- Sidgwick, Mr. F., 6, 77
- Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, 264
- Silesia, Schimmel in, 200;
- Slav New Year, 172;
- Smith, W. Robertson, 164, 175, 178
- Somersetshire wassailing, 345
- Soul cakes, 192
- South America, Christmas in, 98
- Southwell, 79
- Sowens eaten, 285, 325
- Spain, Christmas poetry in, 65;
- Spervogel, 42
- Spinning, during Twelve Days, 240
- Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, 211
- “Star-singing,” 151
- “Stella,” 125, 129
- Stephen, St., his festival, 292, 302, 311
- Stephens, Dean, 35
- Stow's “Survay,” 272
- Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, 265
- Strenae, 168, 277
- Stubbes, Philip, 184, 298
- Styles, Old and New, 268
- Styria, Habergaiss in, 201;
- Sun, the, December 25 as festival of, 23;
- Suso, 44
- Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, 214;
- Swabia, Pelzmärte in, 206, 217
- Sweden, Christmas service in, 99;
- “star-singing” in, 151;
- animal masks in, 202;
- St. Lucia's Day in, 221;
- Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235;
- Yule log in, 257;
- Yule candles in, 259;
- Christmas-trees in, 267, 270;
- Yule straw in, 276;
- Christmas presents in, 278;
- pig's head eaten in, 286;
- dances in, 293;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 312, 315;
- “St. Knut's Day” in, 351
- Swinburne, 84
- Swine as sacrificial animal, 284, 286
- Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, 218;
- Sword-dance, 294, 299
- Sylvesterabend, 274, 322
- Tacitus, 200, 299
- Tate, Nahum, 84
- Tauler, 43
- Teme valley, “first-footing” in, 324
- Tenby, Plygain at, 99;
- St. Clement's Day at, 212
- Tersteegen, Gerhard, 75
- Tertullian, 269
- Teutonic New Year, 171, 189, 202
- Thomas of Celano, 38
- Thomas, Mr. N. W., 293
- Thomas, St., his festival, 223
- “Thomassin’,” 226
- Thurston, Mr. Edgar, 322
- Tieck, 266p. 400
- Tille, Dr. A., 5, 110, 169, 172, 231, 268
- Tipteerers, 298
- Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” 302
- Tomte Gubbe, 236
- Tonquin, feast of the dead in, 195
- Totemism, 175
- Tours, Council of, 21, 101, 239
- Towneley plays, 128, 134
- Trees, sacred, 177, 254, 269;
- Trest, Epiphany at, 344
- Trolls on Christmas Eve, 235
- Troppau, Christmas Eve at, 232
- Troubadours, 36
- Tübingen, cradle-rocking at, 111
- Tuscany, Christmas log in, 256
- Tutilo of St. Gall, 123
- Twelfth Night. See Epiphany
- Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, 21, 239;
- Tylor, Dr. E. B., 191
- Tynan, Katharine, 85
- Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, 97;
- the crib in, 107;
- cradle-rocking in, 111;
- Christmas drama in, 143;
- “star-singing” in, 152;
- All Souls in, 191, 194;
- Klöpfelnächte in, 218;
- St. Nicholas in, 220;
- St. Lucia in, 223;
- Christmas Eve in, 236, 346;
- Berchta in, 243;
- customs with fruit-trees in, 268;
- Christmas pie in, 290, 345;
- St. Stephen's Day in, 311;
- St. John's Day in, 314;
- Epiphany in, 337;
- Carnival in, 349;
- Purification candles in, 353
- Ubeda, J. L. de, 65
- Uist, South, “breast-strip” in, 328
- United States, Santa Klaus in, 220;
- New Year in, 323
- Usedom, 201
- Usener, H., 20, 107
- Valdivielso, J. de, 65
- Vampires, 215, 245
- Vaughan, Henry, 81
- Vega, Lope de, 149
- Vegetation-cults, 177
- Venetia, Martinmas in, 204, 207
- Vessel-cup, 118
- Villazopeque, 148
- Vosges mountains, All Souls’ Eve in, 191
- Wales, Christmas carols in, 69;
- Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, 220
- Wassail-bowl, 193, 285
- Water, New Year, 332
- Watts, Isaac, 83
- Weather, ideas about, 203, 332
- Weihnacht, origin of the name, 20
- Werewolves, 246
- Wesley, Charles, 84
- Westermarck, Dr. E., 176
- Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, 225
- Whipping customs, 207, 315, 330
- “Wild hunt,” 239
- Wine, Martinmas, 204;
- St. John's and St. Stephen's, 314
- “Wish hounds,” 240
- Wither, George, 83
- Woden, 200, 206, 208, 231, 240
- Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, 178, 301, 304;
- unlucky at New Year, 324
- Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, 212
- Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, 212;
- New Year in, 324
- Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, 269
- Wren, hunting of, 292
- Wylie, Miss I. A. R., 263
- “Yeth hounds,” 240
- York Minster, mistletoe at, 273;
- Boy Bishop at, 307
- York plays, 128, 131
- Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, 118;
- Ypres, St. Martin at, 206
- Yule, origin of the name, 25, 171
- “Yule Boar,” 288
- Yule log, 180, 245, 251, 344, 354
- Zacharias, Pope, 171