Figure

Page

1.

The Stupa. From Ramusat's translation of Fa-heen's Foe koue ki. 1848.

6

2.

The Tetrahedron. From an old print.

7

3.

The Octahedron. From an old print.

7

4.

The Icosahedron. From an old print.

8

5.

The Cube. From an old print.

8

6.

The Dodecahedron. From an old print.

9

7.

A "rygge forme" or three-sided tablet. From Recorde's The Castle of Knowledge. 1556.

10

8.

The five-sided tablet. From an old print.

10

9.

The Cone. From an old print.

10

10.

The three-sided pyramid. From an old print.

10

11.

The four-sided pyramid. From an old print.

10

12.

The Sphere. From Physiologia Kircheriana Experimentalis. 1680.

10

13.

The Cylinder. From an old print.

10

14.

Spiral forms. From old prints.

12

15.

"Halfe a Sphaere." From Recorde's The Castle of Knowledge. 1556.

14

16.

"Hollow lyke a bolle." From Recorde's. The Castle of Knowledge. 1556.

14

17.

"A playne Flatte." From Recorde's The Castle of Knowledge. 1556.

15

18.

"Square like a box." From an old print.

16

p. xviii

Figure

Page

19.

Squares, or "stages," within circles. From an old print.

17

20.

The six-faced Tetrahedron. From Green's Vestiges of the Molten Globe. 1875.

18

21.

The Oval, or "The Mundane Egg." From an old print.

19

22.

"Circles within the Oval." From an old print.

19

23.

"Parallel Circles." From an old print.

19

24.

"A whole circle," "A portion of a circle." From an old print.

20

25.

"Convex, concave." From an old print.

20

26.

"Right, Crooked, Mixt." From an old print.

21

27.

Glyph 8 from The Walam Olum of the Lenape.

31

28.

Glyph 7 from The Walam Olum of the Lenape.

31

29.

Glyph 16 from The Walam Olum of the Lenape, Part II.

31

30.

The Earth Floating. From Flammarion's Astronomical Myths. 1877.

38

31.

The Earth with Roots. From Flammarion's Astronomical Myths. 1877.

40

32.

The Earth of the Vedic Priests. From Flammarion's Astronomical Myths. 1877.

41

33.

A Figure of the Universe. From Nichol's The System of the World. 1848.

48

34.

The Primæval Earth, with its Zones or greater Climates, and the general order and tracts of its Rivers. From Burnet's The Theory of the Earth. 1697.

52

p. xix

Figure

Page

34A.

Zones or Climates of the Earth, with the Zodiac. From Sacro Bosco's Sphæra emendata, 1601.

53

35.

Babylonian "Mappa Mundi." From Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets etc. in the British Museum, Pt. 036 II, Plate 48. 1906.

59

36.

Lunar and Solar Eclipses. From Sacro Bosco's Sphæra Mundi. 1482.

67

37.

The Figure of the Dragon: the Lunar Nodes. From Blundeville His Exercises. 1606.

68

38.

"When the Moone is betwixt the Sunne and the Earth." From Blundeville His Exercises. 1606.

68

39.

The first drawing of the Moon, by Galileo, 1610. From Wilkins's The Discovery of a World in the Moone. 1638.

70

40.

Frontispiece and Title-page of "The Discovery of a World in the Moone"; John Wilkins, 1638. From the original.

71

41.

The Comet of 1680 and the marvellous Egg. From Manestrier's Lettre d’un gentil-homme de province à une dame de qualité sur le sujet de la Comete. 1681.

78

42.

Outline map showing the locality of Pan, the submerged continent. From Newbrough's Oahspe, A New Bible in the Words of Jehovih. 1891.

85

43.

The geographical position of Mu. From Churchward's The Lost Continent of Mu. 1926.

86

44.

Yggdrasil, the Cosmic Ash. From Philpot's The Sacred Tree. 1897.

94

p. xx

Figure

Page

45.

Diagram of the Nine Worlds, supported by the World Tree Yggdrasil. From Litchfield's The Nine Worlds. 1890.

96

46.

Diagram of the Scandinavian Cosmos. From Litchfield's The Nine Worlds. 1890.

97

47.

Sketch of the World, by a Thompson River Indian. From Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. II. 1900.

100

48.

The Tree of Judas. From Maundevile's Voiage and Travailes. 1839 reprint.

105

49.

Osage Chart of the Universe, drawn by Red Corn. From Mallery's Picture-Writing of the American Indians. 1894.

106

50.

Our First Parents. From the Codex Cortesianus. Reproduced from Brinton's A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. 1894.

112

51.

The "Tree of Life." From the Codex Peresianus. Reproduced front Brinton's A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. 1894.

113

52.

The Sacred Tree of the Egyptians. From Sharpe's Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity. 1863.

114

53.

The Antipodal Polar Mountains. From Warren's Paradise Found. 1885.

122

54.

The Theory of Two Centres. Spherical Earth with no Antipodes. (After Rainaud.) From Mill's The Siege of the South Pole. 1905.

124

55.

"Feet to Feet." From Physiologia Kircheriana Experimentalis. 1680.

126

56.

A Kalmuck World-picture. From Mythology of All Races, Vol. IV. 1927.

131

p. xxi

Figure

Page

57.

Mount Su-Meru of the Chinese. From Du Bose's Dragon, Image and Demon. 1887.

133

58.

An ancient Arabic Celestial Sphere. Northern Hemisphere. From Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1830.

136

59.

An ancient Arabic Celestial Sphere. Southern Hemisphere. From Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1830.

137

60.

Key to the Tibetan Wheel of Life. From Waddell's The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism. 1899.

139

61.

The Great Monad. From Du Bose's Dragon, Image and Demon. 1887.

146

62.

The Mitsu Tomoe of the Japanese. From Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, Bd. IX, S. 265. 1896.

147

63.

Chinese Conception of the Creation. From M’Clatchie's Confucian Cosmogony. 1874.

149

64.

The Chinese Zodiac. From a Mirror of the Tang Dynasty. Reproduced from Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1835.

151

65.

Gnostic Diagram of the Universe. 2nd cen. A.D. From Matter's Histoire critique du Gnosticisme, Vol. III. 1826.

159

66.

The Systems of the Universe. From Kircher's Iter exstaticum coeleste. 1660.

162

67.

The Universe according to Anaximander. 6th cen. B.C. From Evershed's Dante and the Early Astronomers. 1913.

163

p. xxii

Figure

Page

68.

The Universe of Leucippus. 5th cen. B.C. From Evershed's Dante and the Early Astronomers. 1913.

165

69.

The Universe of Democritus. 5th cen. B.C. From Evershed's Dante and the Early Astronomers. 1913.

166

70.

The Universe of Pythagoras. 6th cen. B.C. From Evershed's Dante and the Early Astronomers. 1913.

168

71.

The Five Great Elements. From Orantius Fineus's Sphæra Mundi. 1542.

170

72.

"A Figure of the Whole World." From Blundeville His Exercises. 1606.

171

73.

System of the diverse spheres. From Apianus's Cosmographia. 1660.

172.

74.

The System of Philolaus. From Evershed's Dante and the Early Astronomers. 1913.

175

75.

Pomponius Mela's Map of the World, with Antichthones. 1st cen. A.D. From Pomponius Mela's De situ Orbis. 1536.

177

76.

World Map of Claudius Ptolemy. and cen. A.D. From Margarita philosophica. 1503.

178

77.

The Square Earth of Cosmas Indicopleustes. 6th cen. A.D. From Flammarion's Astronomical Myths. 1877.

180

78.

The Square Earth. Its habitable plane. From Flammarion's Astronomical Myths. 1877.

181

79.

World-picture of the ancient Peruvians. In "Relacion de antiguedades desta Reyno del Piru," by Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayha (c. 1620), a manuscript in the Biblioteca National de Madrid.

p. xxiii

Figure

Page

From a transcript of the original manuscript in the MSS. Division of the New York Public Library.

186

80.

Painted Tartar and Mongol drums. From Mallery, Picture-Writing of the American Indians. 1894.

194

81.

Painted Tartar and Mongol drums. From Mallery's Picture-Writing of the American Indians. 1894.

196

82.

Painted Tartar and Mongol drums. From Mallery's Picture-Writing of the American Indians. 1894.

198

83.

Monsters of the Antipodes. From Margarita philosophica. 1517.

200

84.

A T-O map of the XIIth century. In "Imago Mundi." Reproduced from Santarem's Atlas. 1849.

201

85.

The Turin Beatus World-map, c. 1150. Reproduced from Santarem's Atlas. 1849.

202

86.

The World-map of Marco Polo. From one of his manuscripts in the Library at Stockholm. Reproduced from Santarem's Atlas. 1849.

204

87.

Title-page of "Globus Mundi," originally printed at Strassburg, 1509, showing a trace of the Americas. From the Milan reprint, n.d.

205

88.

"This device proves the Earth to be a Globe." From Apianus's Cosmographia. 1640.

207

89.

The pear-shaped Earth of Columbus. From Warren's Paradise Found. 1885.

208

90.

The Earth of Dante. From Warren's Paradise Found. 1885.

211

p. xxiv

Figure

Page

91.

Dante's Scheme of the Universe. Slightly modified from Caetani's diagram. Reproduced from Studies in the History and Method of Science, edited by Charles Singer, Vol. I. 1917.

212

92.

Hildegard's first scheme of the Universe. Slightly simplified from the Wiesbaden Codex B, folio 14 r. Reproduced from The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint Hildegard, by Charles Singer. (In Studies in the History and Method of Science, edited by Charles Singer, Vol. I. 1917.)

219

93.

The excentric sphere of Mahmud ibn Muhammed ibn Omar al Jagmini, c. 13th cen. A.D. From Dreyer's The History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler. 1906.

229

94.

The "Guiding Spheres" of Nasir-Eddin Attûsi, 13th cen. A.D. From Dreyer's The History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler. 1906.

230

95.

The movement described by Mars, 1580-1596. From Kepler's Astronomia Nova. 1609.

231

96.

Theory of three centres and the movement of Venus. From Peurbach's Theoricæ Novæ. 1581.

232

97.

The relation of the harmony of the Microcosmos to the Macrocosmos. From Fludd's Microcosmi Historia. 1621.

233

98.

The Balance. From Kircher's Mundus Subterraneus. 1678.

234

p. xxv

Figure

Page

99.

"All things shew great through vapoures or myste." From Recorde's The Castle of Knowledge. 1556.

247

100.

Diagram showing the Earth as a hollow sphere with its polar openings and central Sun. From Gardner's A Journey to the Earth's Interior. 1920.

253