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Dialogues of Plato

Plato, the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, was born in Athens in 428 or 427 B.C.E. to an aristocratic family. He studied under Socrates, who appears as a character in many of his dialogues. He attended Socrates’ trial and that traumatic experience may have led to his attempt to design an ideal society. Following the death of Socrates he travelled widely in search of learning. After twelve years he returned to Athens and founded his Academy, one of the earliest organized schools in western civilization. Among Plato’s pupils was Aristotle. Some of Plato’s other influences were Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, and Parmenides.

Plato wrote extensively and most of his writings survived. His works are in the form of dialogues, where several characters argue a topic by asking questions of each other. This form allows Plato to raise various points of view and let the reader decide which is valid. Plato expounded a form of dualism, where there is a world of ideal forms separate from the world of perception. The most famous exposition of this is his metaphor of the Cave, where people living in a cave are only able to see flickering shadows projected on the wall of the external reality. This influenced many later thinkers, particularly the Neoplatonists and the Gnostics, and is similar to views held by some schools of Hindu dualistic metaphysics.

Plato died in 347 B.C.E. In the middle ages he was eclipsed by Aristotle. His works were saved for posterity by Islamic scholars and reintroduced into the west in the Renaissance. Since then he has been a strong influence on philosophy, as well as natural and social science.

Although the exact order of the dialogues is not known, the following is a consensus ordering based on internal evidence:

Early Dialogues

In these dialogues, Socrates is the central character, and is believed to be expressing his own views. These are the only remaining record of Socrates’ teachings; hence these are known as the Socratic dialogues.

 Apology (the Death of Socrates)
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Crito
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Charmides, or Temperance
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Laches or Courage
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Lysis, or Friendship
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Euthyphro
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Ion
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]

Middle Dialogues

In these dialogues, Plato begins expressing his own views, in the guise of Socrates. The Symposium and Republic are the most important works in this period.

 Gorgias
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Protagoras
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Meno
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Euthydemus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Cratylus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Phaedo
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Phaedrus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Symposium
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 The Republic
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Theaetetus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Parmenides
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]

Late Dialogues

The later dialogues are deeper developments of the philosophy expressed in the earlier ones; these are the most difficult of Plato’s works.

 Sophist
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Statesman
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Philebus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Timaeus
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Critias
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 Laws
translated by Benjamin Jowett [1871]
 The Seventh Letter
translated by J. Harward [1928]