Sacred Texts  Classics  Plato

ION

by Plato

380 BC

translated by Benjamin Jowett

New York, C. Scribner's Sons, [1871]

 
   PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE: SOCRATES; ION
 
   Socrates. Welcome, Ion. Are you from your native city of Ephesus?
 
   Ion. No, Socrates; but from Epidaurus, where I attended the festival
 of Asclepius.
 
   Soc. And do the Epidaurians have contests of rhapsodes at the
 festival?
 
   Ion. O yes; and of all sorts of musical performers.
 
   Soc. And were you one of the competitors- and did you succeed?
 
   Ion. I obtained the first prize of all, Socrates.
 
   Soc. Well done; and I hope that you will do the same for us at the
 Panathenaea.
 
   Ion. And I will, please heaven.
 
   Soc. I often envy the profession of a rhapsode, Ion; for you have
 always to wear fine clothes, and to look as beautiful as you can is
 a part of your art. Then, again, you are obliged to be continually
 in the company of many good poets; and especially of Homer, who is the
 best and most divine of them; and to understand him, and not merely
 learn his words by rote, is a thing greatly to be envied. And no man
 can be a rhapsode who does not understand the meaning of the poet. For
 the rhapsode ought to interpret the mind of the poet to his hearers,
 but how can he interpret him well unless he knows what he means? All
 this is greatly to be envied.
 
   Ion. Very true, Socrates; interpretation has certainly been the most
 laborious part of my art; and I believe myself able to speak about
 Homer better than any man; and that neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus,
 nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos, nor Glaucon, nor any one else who ever
 was, had as good ideas about Homer as I have, or as many.
 
   Soc. I am glad to hear you say so, Ion; I see that you will not
 refuse to acquaint me with them.
 
   Ion. Certainly, Socrates; and you really ought to hear how
 exquisitely I render Homer. I think that the Homeridae should give
 me a golden crown.
 
   Soc. I shall take an opportunity of hearing your embellishments of
 him at some other time. But just now I should like to ask you a
 question: Does your art extend to Hesiod and Archilochus, or to
 Homer only?
 
   Ion. To Homer only; he is in himself quite enough.
 
   Soc. Are there any things about which Homer and Hesiod agree?
 
   Ion. Yes; in my opinion there are a good many.
 
   Soc. And can you interpret better what Homer says, or what Hesiod
 says, about these matters in which they agree?
 
   Ion. I can interpret them equally well, Socrates, where they agree.
 
   Soc. But what about matters in which they do not agree?- for
 example, about divination, of which both Homer and Hesiod have
 something to say-
 
   Ion. Very true:
 
   Soc. Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what
 these two poets say about divination, not only when they agree, but
 when they disagree?
 
   Ion. A prophet.
 
   Soc. And if you were a prophet, would you be able to interpret
 them when they disagree as well as when they agree?
 
   Ion. Clearly.
 
   Soc. But how did you come to have this skill about Homer only, and
 not about Hesiod or the other poets? Does not Homer speak of the
 same themes which all other poets handle? Is not war his great
 argument? and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of
 men, good and bad, skilled and unskilled, and of the gods conversing
 with one another and with mankind, and about what happens in heaven
 and in the world below, and the generations of gods and heroes? Are
 not these the themes of which Homer sings?
 
   Ion. Very true, Socrates.
 
   Soc. And do not the other poets sing of the same?
 
   Ion. Yes, Socrates; but not in the same way as Homer.
 
   Soc. What, in a worse way?
 
   Ion. Yes, in a far worse.
 
   Soc. And Homer in a better way?
 
   Ion. He is incomparably better.
 
   Soc. And yet surely, my dear friend Ion, in a discussion about
 arithmetic, where many people are speaking, and one speaks better than
 the rest, there is somebody who can judge which of them is the good
 speaker?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges
 of the bad speakers?
 
   Ion. The same.
 
   Soc. And he will be the arithmetician?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. Well, and in discussions about the wholesomeness of food,
 when many persons are speaking, and one speaks better than the rest,
 will he who recognizes the better speaker be a different person from
 him who recognizes the worse, or the same?
 
   Ion. Clearly the same.
 
   Soc. And who is he, and what is his name?
 
   Ion. The physician.
 
   Soc. And speaking generally, in all discussions in which the subject
 is the same and many men are speaking, will not he who knows the
 good know the bad speaker also? For if he does not know the bad,
 neither will he know the good when the same topic is being discussed.
 
   Ion. True.
 
   Soc. Is not the same person skilful in both?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And you say that Homer and the other poets, such as Hesiod
 and Archilochus, speak of the same things, although not in the same
 way; but the one speaks well and the other not so well?
 
   Ion. Yes; and I am right in saying so.
 
   Soc. And if you knew the good speaker, you would also know the
 inferior speakers to be inferior?
 
   Ion. That is true.
 
   Soc. Then, my dear friend, can I be mistaken in saying that Ion is
 equally skilled in Homer and in other poets, since he himself
 acknowledges that the same person will be a good judge of all those
 who speak of the same things; and that almost all poets do speak of
 the same things?
 
   Ion. Why then, Socrates, do I lose attention and go to sleep and
 have absolutely no ideas of the least value, when any one speaks of
 any other poet; but when Homer is mentioned, I wake up at once and
 am all attention and have plenty to say?
 
   Soc. The reason, my friend, is obvious. No one can fail to see
 that you speak of Homer without any art or knowledge. If you were able
 to speak of him by rules of art, you would have been able to speak
 of all other poets; for poetry is a whole.
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And when any one acquires any other art as a whole, the same
 may be said of them. Would you like me to explain my meaning, Ion?
 
   Ion. Yes, indeed, Socrates; I very much wish that you would: for I
 love to hear you wise men talk.
 
   Soc. O that we were wise, Ion, and that you could truly call us
 so; but you rhapsodes and actors, and the poets whose verses you sing,
 are wise; whereas I am a common man, who only speak the truth. For
 consider what a very commonplace and trivial thing is this which I
 have said- a thing which any man might say: that when a man has
 acquired a knowledge of a whole art, the enquiry into good and bad
 is one and the same. Let us consider this matter; is not the art of
 painting a whole?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And there are and have been many painters good and bad?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And did you ever know any one who was skilful in pointing out
 the excellences and defects of Polygnotus the son of Aglaophon, but
 incapable of criticizing other painters; and when the work of any
 other painter was produced, went to sleep and was at a loss, and had
 no ideas; but when he had to give his opinion about Polygnotus, or
 whoever the painter might be, and about him only, woke up and was
 attentive and had plenty to say?
 
   Ion. No indeed, I have never known such a person.
 
   Soc. Or did you ever know of any one in sculpture, who was skilful
 in expounding the merits of Daedalus the son of Metion, or of Epeius
 the son of Panopeus, or of Theodorus the Samian, or of any
 individual sculptor; but when the works of sculptors in general were
 produced, was at a loss and went to sleep and had nothing to say?
 
   Ion. No indeed; no more than the other.
 
   Soc. And if I am not mistaken, you never met with any one among
 flute-players or harp- players or singers to the harp or rhapsodes who
 was able to discourse of Olympus or Thamyras or Orpheus, or Phemius
 the rhapsode of Ithaca, but was at a loss when he came to speak of Ion
 of Ephesus, and had no notion of his merits or defects?
 
   Ion. I cannot deny what you say, Socrates. Nevertheless I am
 conscious in my own self, and the world agrees with me in thinking
 that I do speak better and have more to say about Homer than any other
 man. But I do not speak equally well about others- tell me the
 reason of this.
 
   Soc. I perceive, Ion; and I will proceed to explain to you what I
 imagine to be the reason of this. The gift which you possess of
 speaking excellently about Homer is not an art, but, as I was just
 saying, an inspiration; there is a divinity moving you, like that
 contained in the stone which Euripides calls a magnet, but which is
 commonly known as the stone of Heraclea. This stone not only
 attracts iron rings, but also imparts to them a similar power of
 attracting other rings; and sometimes you may see a number of pieces
 of iron and rings suspended from one another so as to form quite a
 long chain: and all of them derive their power of suspension from
 the original stone. In like manner the Muse first of all inspires
 men herself; and from these inspired persons a chain of other
 persons is suspended, who take the inspiration. For all good poets,
 epic as well as lyric, compose their beautiful poems not by art, but
 because they are inspired and possessed. And as the Corybantian
 revellers when they dance are not in their right mind, so the lyric
 poets are not in their right mind when they are composing their
 beautiful strains: but when falling under the power of music and metre
 they are inspired and possessed; like Bacchic maidens who draw milk
 and honey from the rivers when they are under the influence of
 Dionysus but not when they are in their right mind. And the soul of
 the lyric poet does the same, as they themselves say; for they tell us
 that they bring songs from honeyed fountains, culling them out of
 the gardens and dells of the Muses; they, like the bees, winging their
 way from flower to flower. And this is true. For the poet is a light
 and winged and holy thing, and there is no invention in him until he
 has been inspired and is out of his senses, and the mind is no
 longer in him: when he has not attained to this state, he is powerless
 and is unable to utter his oracles.
 
   Many are the noble words in which poets speak concerning the actions
 of men; but like yourself when speaking about Homer, they do not speak
 of them by any rules of art: they are simply inspired to utter that to
 which the Muse impels them, and that only; and when inspired, one of
 them will make dithyrambs, another hymns of praise, another choral
 strains, another epic or iambic verses- and he who is good at one is
 not good any other kind of verse: for not by art does the poet sing,
 but by power divine. Had he learned by rules of art, he would have
 known how to speak not of one theme only, but of all; and therefore
 God takes away the minds of poets, and uses them as his ministers,
 as he also uses diviners and holy prophets, in order that we who
 hear them may know them to be speaking not of themselves who utter
 these priceless words in a state of unconsciousness, but that God
 himself is the speaker, and that through them he is conversing with
 us. And Tynnichus the Chalcidian affords a striking instance of what I
 am saying: he wrote nothing that any one would care to remember but
 the famous paean which; in every one's mouth, one of the finest
 poems ever written, simply an invention of the Muses, as he himself
 says. For in this way, the God would seem to indicate to us and not
 allow us to doubt that these beautiful poems are not human, or the
 work of man, but divine and the work of God; and that the poets are
 only the interpreters of the Gods by whom they are severally
 possessed. Was not this the lesson which the God intended to teach
 when by the mouth of the worst of poets he sang the best of songs?
 Am I not right, Ion?
 
   Ion. Yes, indeed, Socrates, I feel that you are; for your words
 touch my soul, and I am persuaded that good poets by a divine
 inspiration interpret the things of the Gods to us.
 
   Soc. And you rhapsodists are the interpreters of the poets?
 
   Ion. There again you are right.
 
   Soc. Then you are the interpreters of interpreters?
 
   Ion. Precisely.
 
   Soc. I wish you would frankly tell me, Ion, what I am going to ask
 of you: When you produce the greatest effect upon the audience in
 the recitation of some striking passage, such as the apparition of
 Odysseus leaping forth on the floor, recognized by the suitors and
 casting his arrows at his feet, or the description of Achilles rushing
 at Hector, or the sorrows of Andromache, Hecuba, or Priam,- are you in
 your right mind? Are you not carried out of yourself, and does not
 your soul in an ecstasy seem to be among the persons or places of
 which you are speaking, whether they are in Ithaca or in Troy or
 whatever may be the scene of the poem?
 
   Ion. That proof strikes home to me, Socrates. For I must frankly
 confess that at the tale of pity, my eyes are filled with tears, and
 when I speak of horrors, my hair stands on end and my heart throbs.
 
   Soc. Well, Ion, and what are we to say of a man who at a sacrifice
 or festival, when he is dressed in holiday attire and has golden
 crowns upon his head, of which nobody has robbed him, appears sweeping
 or panic-stricken in the presence of more than twenty thousand
 friendly faces, when there is no one despoiling or wronging him;- is
 he in his right mind or is he not?
 
   Ion. No indeed, Socrates, I must say that, strictly speaking, he
 is not in his right mind.
 
   Soc. And are you aware that you produce similar effects on most
 spectators?
 
   Ion. Only too well; for I look down upon them from the stage, and
 behold the various emotions of pity, wonder, sternness, stamped upon
 their countenances when I am speaking: and I am obliged to give my
 very best attention to them; for if I make them cry I myself shall
 laugh, and if I make them laugh I myself shall cry when the time of
 payment arrives.
 
   Soc. Do you know that the spectator is the last of the rings
 which, as I am saying, receive the power of the original magnet from
 one another? The rhapsode like yourself and the actor are intermediate
 links, and the poet himself is the first of them. Through all these
 the God sways the souls of men in any direction which he pleases,
 and makes one man hang down from another. Thus there is a vast chain
 of dancers and masters and undermasters of choruses, who are
 suspended, as if from the stone, at the side of the rings which hang
 down from the Muse. And every poet has some Muse from whom he is
 suspended, and by whom he is said to be possessed, which is nearly the
 same thing; for he is taken hold of. And from these first rings, which
 are the poets, depend others, some deriving their inspiration from
 Orpheus, others from Musaeus; but the greater number are possessed and
 held by Homer. Of whom, Ion, you are one, and are possessed by
 Homer; and when any one repeats the words of another poet you go to
 sleep, and know not what to say; but when any one recites a strain
 of Homer you wake up in a moment, and your soul leaps within you,
 and you have plenty to say; for not by art or knowledge about Homer do
 you say what you say, but by divine inspiration and by possession;
 just as the Corybantian revellers too have a quick perception of
 that strain only which is appropriated to the God by whom they are
 possessed, and have plenty of dances and words for that, but take no
 heed of any other. And you, Ion, when the name of Homer is mentioned
 have plenty to say, and have nothing to say of others. You ask, "Why
 is this?" The answer is that you praise Homer not by art but by divine
 inspiration.
 
   Ion. That is good, Socrates; and yet I doubt whether you will ever
 have eloquence enough to persuade me that I praise Homer only when I
 am mad and possessed; and if you could hear me speak of him I am
 sure you would never think this to be the case.
 
   Soc. I should like very much to hear you, but not until you have
 answered a question which I have to ask. On what part of Homer do
 you speak well?- not surely about every part.
 
   Ion. There is no part, Socrates, about which I do not speak well
 of that I can assure you.
 
   Soc. Surely not about things in Homer of which you have no
 knowledge?
 
   Ion. And what is there in Homer of which I have no knowledge?
 
   Soc. Why, does not Homer speak in many passages about arts? For
 example, about driving; if I can only remember the lines I will repeat
 them.
 
   Ion. I remember, and will repeat them.
 
   Soc. Tell me then, what Nestor says to Antilochus, his son, where he
 bids him be careful of the turn at the horse-race in honour of
 Patroclus.
 
   Ion. He says:
 
   Bend gently in the polished chariot to the left of them, and urge
 the horse on the right hand with whip and voice; and slacken the rein.
 And when you are at the goal, let the left horse draw near, yet so
 that the nave of the well-wrought wheel may not even seem to touch the
 extremity; and avoid catching the stone.
 
   Soc. Enough. Now, Ion, will the charioteer or the physician be the
 better judge of the propriety of these lines?
 
   Ion. The charioteer, clearly.
 
   Soc. And will the reason be that this is his art, or will there be
 any other reason?
 
   Ion. No, that will be the reason.
 
   Soc. And every art is appointed by God to have knowledge of a
 certain work; for that which we know by the art of the pilot we do not
 know by the art of medicine?
 
   Ion. Certainly not.
 
   Soc. Nor do we know by the art of the carpenter that which we know
 by the art of medicine?
 
   Ion. Certainly not.
 
   Soc. And this is true of all the arts;- that which we know with
 one art we do not know with the other? But let me ask a prior
 question: You admit that there are differences of arts?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. You would argue, as I should, that when one art is of one
 kind of knowledge and another of another, they are different?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. Yes, surely; for if the subject of knowledge were the same,
 there would be no meaning in saying that the arts were different,-
 if they both gave the same knowledge. For example, I know that here
 are five fingers, and you know the same. And if I were to ask
 whether I and you became acquainted with this fact by the help of
 the same art of arithmetic, you would acknowledge that we did?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. Tell me, then, what I was intending to ask you- whether this
 holds universally? Must the same art have the same subject of
 knowledge, and different arts other subjects of knowledge?
 
   Ion. That is my opinion, Socrates.
 
   Soc. Then he who has no knowledge of a particular art will have no
 right judgment of the sayings and doings of that art?
 
   Ion. Very true.
 
   Soc. Then which will be a better judge of the lines which you were
 reciting from Homer, you or the charioteer?
 
   Ion. The charioteer.
 
   Soc. Why, yes, because you are a rhapsode and not a charioteer.
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And the art of the rhapsode is different from that of the
 charioteer?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And if a different knowledge, then a knowledge of different
 matters?
 
   Ion. True.
 
   Soc. You know the passage in which Hecamede, the concubine of
 Nestor, is described as giving to the wounded Machaon a posset, as
 he says,
 
   Made with Pramnian wine; and she grated cheese of goat's milk with a
 grater of bronze, and at his side placed an onion which gives a relish
 to drink.
 
 Now would you say that the art of the rhapsode or the art of
 medicine was better able to judge of the propriety of these lines?
 
   Ion. The art of medicine.
 
   Soc. And when Homer says,
 
   And she descended into the deep like a leaden plummet, which, set in
 the horn of ox that ranges in the fields, rushes along carrying
 death among the ravenous fishes,-
 
 will the art of the fisherman or of the rhapsode be better able to
 judge whether these lines are rightly expressed or not?
 
   Ion. Clearly, Socrates, the art of the fisherman.
 
   Soc. Come now, suppose that you were to say to me: "Since you,
 Socrates, are able to assign different passages in Homer to their
 corresponding arts, I wish that you would tell me what are the
 passages of which the excellence ought to be judged by the prophet and
 prophetic art"; and you will see how readily and truly I shall
 answer you. For there are many such passages, particularly in the
 Odyssey; as, for example, the passage in which Theoclymenus the
 prophet of the house of Melampus says to the suitors:-
 
   Wretched men! what is happening to you? Your heads and your faces
 and your limbs underneath are shrouded in night; and the voice of
 lamentation bursts forth, and your cheeks are wet with tears. And
 the vestibule is full, and the court is full, of ghosts descending
 into the darkness of Erebus, and the sun has perished out of heaven,
 and an evil mist is spread abroad.
 
   And there are many such passages in the Iliad also; as for example
 in the description of the battle near the rampart, where he says:-
 
   As they were eager to pass the ditch, there came to them an omen:
 a soaring eagle, holding back the people on the left, bore a huge
 bloody dragon in his talons, still living and panting; nor had he
 yet resigned the strife, for he bent back and smote the bird which
 carried him on the breast by the neck, and he in pain let him fall
 from him to the ground into the midst of the multitude. And the eagle,
 with a cry, was borne afar on the wings of the wind.
 
   These are the sort of things which I should say that the prophet
 ought to consider and determine.
 
   Ion. And you are quite right, Socrates, in saying so.
 
   Soc. Yes, Ion, and you are right also. And as I have selected from
 the Iliad and Odyssey for you passages which describe the office of
 the prophet and the physician and the fisherman, do you, who know
 Homer so much better than I do, Ion, select for me passages which
 relate to the rhapsode and the rhapsode's art, and which the
 rhapsode ought to examine and judge of better than other men.
 
   Ion. All passages, I should say, Socrates.
 
   Soc. Not all, Ion, surely. Have you already forgotten what you
 were saying? A rhapsode ought to have a better memory.
 
   Ion. Why, what am I forgetting?
 
   Soc. Do you not remember that you declared the art of the rhapsode
 to be different from the art of the charioteer?
 
   Ion. Yes, I remember.
 
   Soc. And you admitted that being different they would have different
 subjects of knowledge?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. Then upon your own showing the rhapsode, and the art of the
 rhapsode, will not know everything?
 
   Ion. I should exclude certain things, Socrates.
 
   Soc. You mean to say that you would exclude pretty much the subjects
 of the other arts. As he does not know all of them, which of them will
 he know?
 
   Ion. He will know what a man and what a woman ought to say, and what
 a freeman and what a slave ought to say, and what a ruler and what a
 subject.
 
   Soc. Do you mean that a rhapsode will know better than the pilot
 what the ruler of a sea-tossed vessel ought to say?
 
   Ion. No; the pilot will know best.
 
   Soc. Or will the rhapsode know better than the physician what the
 ruler of a sick man ought to say?
 
   Ion. He will not.
 
   Soc. But he will know what a slave ought to say?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. Suppose the slave to be a cowherd; the rhapsode will know
 better than the cowherd what he ought to say in order to soothe the
 infuriated cows?
 
   Ion. No, he will not.
 
   Soc. But he will know what a spinning-woman ought to say about the
 working of wool?
 
   Ion. No.
 
   Soc. At any rate he will know what a general ought to say when
 exhorting his soldiers?
 
   Ion. Yes, that is the sort of thing which the rhapsode will be
 sure to know.
 
   Soc. Well, but is the art of the rhapsode the art of the general?
 
   Ion. I am sure that I should know what a general ought to say.
 
   Soc. Why, yes, Ion, because you may possibly have a knowledge of the
 art of the general as well as of the rhapsode; and you may also have a
 knowledge of horsemanship as well as of the lyre: and then you would
 know when horses were well or ill managed. But suppose I were to ask
 you: By the help of which art, Ion, do you know whether horses are
 well managed, by your skill as a horseman or as a performer on the
 lyre- what would you answer?
 
   Ion. I should reply, by my skill as a horseman.
 
   Soc. And if you judged of performers on the lyre, you would admit
 that you judged of them as a performer on the lyre, and not as a
 horseman?
 
   Ion. Yes.
 
   Soc. And in judging of the general's art, do you judge of it as a
 general or a rhapsode?
 
   Ion. To me there appears to be no difference between them.
 
   Soc. What do you mean? Do you mean to say that the art of the
 rhapsode and of the general is the same?
 
   Ion. Yes, one and the same.
 
   Soc. Then he who is a good rhapsode is also a good general?
 
   Ion. Certainly, Socrates.
 
   Soc. And he who is a good general is also a good rhapsode?
 
   Ion. No; I do not say that.
 
   Soc. But you do say that he who is a good rhapsode is also a good
 general.
 
   Ion. Certainly.
 
   Soc. And you are the best of Hellenic rhapsodes?
 
   Ion. Far the best, Socrates.
 
   Soc. And are you the best general, Ion?
 
   Ion. To be sure, Socrates; and Homer was my master.
 
   Soc. But then, Ion, what in the name of goodness can be the reason
 why you, who are the best of generals as well as the best of rhapsodes
 in all Hellas, go about as a rhapsode when you might be a general?
 Do you think that the Hellenes want a rhapsode with his golden
 crown, and do not want a general?
 
   Ion. Why, Socrates, the reason is, that my countrymen, the
 Ephesians, are the servants and soldiers of Athens, and do not need
 a general; and you and Sparta are not likely to have me, for you think
 that you have enough generals of your own.
 
   Soc. My good Ion, did you never hear of Apollodorus of Cyzicus?
 
   Ion. Who may he be?
 
   Soc. One who, though a foreigner, has often been chosen their
 general by the Athenians: and there is Phanosthenes of Andros, and
 Heraclides of Clazomenae, whom they have also appointed to the command
 of their armies and to other offices, although aliens, after they
 had shown their merit. And will they not choose Ion the Ephesian to be
 their general, and honour him, if he prove himself worthy? Were not
 the Ephesians originally Athenians, and Ephesus is no mean city?
 But, indeed, Ion, if you are correct in saying that by art and
 knowledge you are able to praise Homer, you do not deal fairly with
 me, and after all your professions of knowing many, glorious things
 about Homer, and promises that you would exhibit them, you are only
 a deceiver, and so far from exhibiting the art of which you are a
 master, will not, even after my repeated entreaties, explain to me the
 nature of it. You have literally as many forms as Proteus; and now you
 go all manner of ways, twisting and turning, and, like Proteus, become
 all manner of people at once, and at last slip away from me in the
 disguise of a general, in order that you may escape exhibiting your
 Homeric lore. And if you have art, then, as I was saying, in
 falsifying your promise that you would exhibit Homer, you are not
 dealing fairly with me. But if, as I believe, you have no art, but
 speak all these beautiful words about Homer unconsciously under his
 inspiring influence, then I acquit you of dishonesty, and shall only
 say that you are inspired. Which do you prefer to be thought,
 dishonest or inspired?
 
   Ion. There is a great difference, Socrates, between the two
 alternatives; and inspiration is by far the nobler.
 
   Soc. Then, Ion, I shall assume the nobler alternative; and attribute
 to you in your praises of Homer inspiration, and not art.
 
                           -THE END-