Here we have a creation narrative of the sort described by Aguilar in his report on idolatry in Yucatan written early in the Seventeenth Century. "Furthermore it would be very advantageous if books were printed in the language of these Indians which would treat of Genesis and the creation of the world, because they have fables and histories which are very detrimental. Some of them have had them written down, and they keep them and read them in their assemblies. I had a copybook of this sort, which I took away from a choir-master named Cuytun from the town of Sucopo. He got away from me, and I never could get hold of him to learn the origin of this Genesis of his" (Aguilar 1900, p. 115).

This expresses admirably the religious attitude of the Maya who seem capable of superimposing Christianity on their old faith. See Appendix G.

See p. 95, note 2.

Maya, pay bentzil, employed as a synonym for tibil in Crónica de Oxkutzcab (Gates reproduction, Plates 161 and 166).

These may be what Avendaño refers to when he tells of the "devil" and "the worship which they (the Itzá) pay to him in the form of some stones" (Means 1917, p. 141. Cf. Appendix D).

Parallel versions of this passage occur in the Mani (p. 161) and the Tizimin (p. 20) MSS. Juan Martinez H. (1913, pp. 164-171) has made an excellent translation of the first part of this narrative, and suggests that the accompanying head of the "lord" of the katun is blurred in order to indicate that he is blindfolded.

Ah Mucencab: See p. 64, note 4.

Oxlahun-ti-ku, literally the Thirteen Gods, are probably the gods of the thirteen heavens of the Maya cosmos, but they are usually treated as a single god.

Bolon-ti-ku, or Nine Gods, appear to be treated as one god. We find them represented in the inscriptions, and it seems likely that they represent the nine underworlds and correspond to the Nine Lords of the Night of the Mexicans. (Cf. J. E. Thompson 1929, p. 225, and Seler 1923, p. 31.)

Cf. Motul, p. 346: "Eman u che u tunich Dios coklal: The punishment of God has come upon us with deaths or pestilence."

Cf. p. 67, note 5.

Maya idol-makers removed the smut from their faces as a sign that their period of fast and consecration was over (Landa 1929, p. 70).

We have a Maya homonym here, and possibly quetzal plumage is meant by ix kukil ix yaxum.

The seeds of the unidentified striped squash called ca.

Lit. nine generations, or eternal. According to Landa (1929, p. 20), Bolon ¢acab was set up in the house of the chief as a sort of tutelary god of the Kan years. He appears to be closely associated with the rain-god, Chac, and is identified by Seler as the god usually designated by the letter K. Seler 1902, p. 377. We are reminded of the Mexican image of Tlaloc composed of seeds.

Lit. "the 13th layer of the sky."

"pierced through:" The Tizimin and Mani versions say: "fell to pieces," (hutlahi).

See p. 67, note 5.

Like the Mexicans, the Maya believed that the present order was preceded by other worlds which had been destroyed. According to the former, the fourth of these worlds, or "Suns," was destroyed by a great flood of water (Seler 1923, p. 40).

Supplied from the Tizimin and Mani versions. This was the red imix-tree which was set up in the east, for the Kan-xib-yuy, or Kan-xib-yuyum, to sit upon. (Cf. Mani MS. p. 162.)

Supplied from the Tizimin and Mani versions of this narrative.

Pi¢oy is spelled three ways in the three versions. The context leaves little doubt that a bird is meant. It may have been something like the mut, an unidentified bird of the Cracidæ family (Cf. Maler 1908, p. 132).

We find a portrayal of four trees, each surmounted by a bird, in one of the reliefs of the Temple of the Wall Panels at Chichen Itzá. (Cf. Plate 1, c.) Also on page 1 of the Codex Fejérváry-Mayer there is a Mexican picture of the four world-quarters at each of which there is a flowering tree with a bird perched upon it (Apud Seler 1923, p. 15). The yax-che or green tree at the center of the world is probably shown on pages 41-42 of the Maya Codex Cortesianus. This last tree is still remembered by the Maya (Cf. Tozzer 1907, p. 154). In the Ritual of the Four World Quarters found in Chapter I of the present work, these imix-trees, or trees of abundance, are further qualified as being the ceiba tree so prominent in Maya mythology (Cf. p. 64, note 5).

Mention of the "plate" and "cup" of the katun is found several times in the Books of Chilam Balam. it is probably a reference to the ceremonies connected with the so-called idol of the katun (Cf. Landa 1929, p. 98). These articles appear to symbolize the numerical coefficient of the day Ahau from which the katun took its name. On page 150 it is said of Katun 9 Ahau: "Nine was its plate, nine was its cup."

Lahun Chaan is doubtless the same as the "Lakunchan" described by Cogolludo as an idol with very ugly teeth. Lahun means ten in both Maya and Chol, and chan means sky, heaven and serpent in Chol. The Maya word for sky is caan. It seems likely that Lahun Chaan is a borrowed foreign word and means the god of the tenth heaven. On page 47 of the Dresden Codex we find a picture (fig. 24) accompanied by a glyph composed of the number ten and an element which is generally accepted as the symbol of the sky or heavens. The picture is that of a deity whose face resembles that of the God B, or rain-god; but it lacks the curved ornament over the nose, and instead of the protruding tooth at the side of the mouth there is a fleshless lower jaw. Also skeleton-like ribs are painted on the front of the torso. We recall that a fleshless jawbone is one of the symbols of the number ten on the monuments; but the figure appears to be the regent of the second Venus period in the Dresden Codex, and the regent of the first of these periods in the Mexican Codex Bologna also has a fleshless lower jaw. Since the above passage in the Chumayel implies that Lahun Chaan was set in the west, the translator is inclined to believe that this god was closely connected with the appearance of Venus as an evening star. Cogolludo's mention of the "ugly teeth" may be a reference to the fleshless lower jaw in the picture (Cf. Cogolludo Bk. 4, Chap. 8).

Ah Uuc Chek-nal: he who fertilizes the maize seven times.

Itzam-kab-ain: literally, the whale with the feet of a crocodile. Martinez 1913, reprint p. 5. Beltran spells it Itzam-cab-ain, and defines it simply as whale, though it could mean literally Itzam-the-earth-crocodile. In either case, we are forcibly reminded of the fabled earth-monster which appears in the Dresden Codex (pp. 4 and 5) with the head of Itzamná between its jaws.

The Mexicans believed that the gods created "in the water a great fish, which is called cipáctli and which is like a crocodile, and from this fish they made the earth" (Hist. de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas, Chap. 2). On page 27 of the Codex Borgia we see this earth-monster with the head and claws of a crocodile and with maize sprouting from its back (Seler 1923, pp. 10, 11).

A change of one letter (tu muk to tamuk) would give to this sentence the meaning: then he descended while the heavens rubbed against the earth.

Maya, can cib, literally four wax candles. Cib is also the word for beeswax, but we find no record of candles being used prior to the Spanish conquest. The Maya employed torches of pitch-pine (tahté) or of the Viguiera dentata HBK (tah) for lighting. Thompson believes, however, that wax was used by the Maya for ceremonial purposes before the Conquest (J. E. Thompson, 1930, p. 105).

¢ac, here translated as series, also means degrees, steps, stairs and other things which go above one another. Motul.

The yax-cheel-cab, or first tree of the world is believed to be a giant ceiba which grows in the exact center of the earth and rears its branches through successive holes in the various heavens (Tozzer 1907, p. 154). Avendaño describes the representation of this mythological tree as "the fragment of a column, of round stone, the circumference of each part of which is about three quarters of a yard across and one quarter high. It is made of stones placed on top of each other with mortar of lime and cah cab (zahcab), which is usually used for that purpose; and the middle is filled in with bitumen, so that it is like a table with a round pedestal, upon which and set in the foundation of the said stone column, there stands out toward the West a stone mask, very ill-formed . . . The said column is called, in the name by which they worship it, Yax cheel cab, which means in their language, 'the first tree in the world,' and, as it is understood in their old songs (which few people understand) they wish to have it known they worship it because it was the tree of whose fruit our first father Adam ate, who in their language is called Ixanom" (Means 1917, p. 135).

Cf. p. 157, note 2.

Cf. p. 72, note 13.

Maya: ¢ut polbil. ¢ut means pointed like a hat. (Dict. San Francisco.) Polbil is defined as either rounded or shaped. The description fits the representations of the death-god in the Dresden Codex. (Pp. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 19.) As ruler of the ninth and deepest hell, he sits upon the mat, the symbol of authority, and comprises in himself the idea of the gods of the nine under-worlds. Cf. Codex Vaticanus No. 3738, f. l v. apud Seler 1923, p. 21.

Probably the bases or pedestals on which the following deities were set.

Written ah ten pop ah ten ¢am in our text, but in the Mani and Tizimin MSS., ah tem pop ah tem ¢am. Tem is an altar or bench, and in compounds something set above something else. Tem is also a verbal stem meaning to alleviate. The mat (pop) and throne (¢am) have the figurative significance of toil, misery and misfortune. (Motul, 1930, p. 694.) Consequently the expression could also mean "he who alleviates misfortunes." Cf. Tizimin, pp. 7, 8 and 25; Codex Perez, pp. 78, 82, 83, 107, 108, 153 and 161.

The Red, White, Black and Yellow "Rulers" appear to be the four gods who presided at the four cardinal points. Each is qualified by the adjective, tenel, which we believe to mean "raised up." It is probably an obsolete word, and we find temal substituted for it in the Mani MS. (Codex Perez, p. 116.) A discussion of the gods of the cardinal points will be found in Appendix A.

Maya, tu than. An expression often found in the medical manuscripts, meaning "so people say" or "so they call it," referring to various names applied to the same disease. Cf. Roys 1931, p. 16.

Lacuna in the text

Referring to Bolon-ti-ku.

Maya, colop, translated as though it were colob.

A reference to the interrogation of the chiefs. Cf. Chapter IX.

Maya, zatay babalil. This has been translated as it stands, but in connection with the "riddle for the rulers" we suspect that zatay batabil is intended. This would mean that the chiefs who are about to perish are assembled. Cf. Chapter IX.

This expression, to ho<l> can be, tu ho<l> can heleb, has been corrected from page 166 of the Kaua MS. Literally it means the four openings where two roads cross, the openings between the four resting places, i.e. the four corners at the cross-roads where travelers set down their packs and rested. Such would be a convenient place for an ambuscade, and here the slain would be buried. Ah muuc, here translated as gravedigger, means anyone who buries or conceals anything.

Maya, bul cum, might mean "all down" literally. Its translation here is based on the contexts in which it occurs. Always it is sad and to be mourned. On page 91 of the previous chapter it occurs in the courtyards of the nobles on an occasion when a number of chiefs are killed for failing to pass the test. Here it occurs at the cross-roads. In the prophecy for Katun 1 Ahau we shall find it closely associated with the flies (swarming on the corpses?) and mentioned in the same category with pestilence, famine and sudden death. It is an archaic expression and does not occur in any of the old dictionaries.

Lit. "three heaps of years." The translation of this sentence is uncertain.

The fruit of the ramon (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.) is boiled and eaten alone or with honey or corn-meal, and a sort of bread is made of the ground seeds.

The root of the Jícama cimarrona (Calopogonium cæruleum, Benth.) is eaten in time of famine. Dicc. San Francisco.

Ix-batun, or batun, is probably an unidentified wild plant or tree. Batun is a common family name among the Maya.

Chinchin-chay, a very spiny variety of Jatropha aconitifolia Mill., is boiled like cabbages and eaten when the corn crop fails (Relaciones de Yucatan, 1, p. 299).

A record of the misfortunes of each of the twenty years of a certain Katun 5 Ahau is found in the Tizimin (pp. 1-13) and Mani (pp. 135-156) manuscripts.

Most of the preceding paragraph concerning Katun 3 Ahau appears to be an interpolation. It is not found in the Tizimin and Mani versions.

Bolon ¢acab: Cf. p. 99, note 10.

Cf. Stela D, Copan (apud Morley 1915, Pl. 14) where the personified numeral is the bearer and the time-period is the burden.

Alternative translation: for the rebirth etc.

Bolon Mayel means "the fragrant one."

For this sentence the following is substituted in the Mani and Tizimin versions of this narrative: "Then descended two mighty demon bats who sucked the honey of the flowers."

Unfolded calyx (hoch kom): hoch has a number of different meanings, but in the Tizimin and Mani versions choch is substituted, which is a synonym for hoch in the sense of "to untie, to unfold." Kom means something bent, curved or hollowed out in general, and a socket or a depression in the earth in particular. Kom lac is a deep plate. In view of the context here, the calyx of a flower seems to be meant.

Maya, ix-ho-yal. Ho means five, and, yal, after a numeral, means thin layers, folds or sheets. Literally this would mean five circles of floral leaves composing the perianth. This seems unusual, and it is probable that five leaves are meant.

Ix-bac nicte: ix-bac means a little girl, and there may be a plant of that name, as it is also a place-name. Nicte means flower in general, particularly the Plumeria.

Macuil Xochitl is Nahuatl for Five Flower, the Mexican god of music and dancing, probably introduced into Yucatan by the Toltecs.

Alternative translation: hollow tip.

Laul: Stemmadenia insignis Miers., much admired by the Maya (Landa 1900, p. 386).

In the Maya treatises on medical plants this word, nicté, always designates the Plumeria, but here the definition found in all the Maya dictionaries has been followed: "Nicté. A rose, or a flower, not indicating from what tree, bush or plant." Motul. A secondary meaning is: "Nicté. Deshonestidad, vicio de carne y travezuras de mugeres."

Possibly the pollen-bearing insects and humming-birds are meant here. We find a masculine prefix.

In the Tizimin and Mani versions we find: "there was the house of the flowers."

Alternative translation: there was no other food than this, so they say.

"Although they had a god of song whom they called Xocbi<l>tum, they worshipped the idol, the statue of an Indian who, they said, was a great singer and musician named Ah Kin Xooc. They adored him as the god of poetry and also called him Pizlimtec." Cogolludo Bk. 4, chap. 8.

Alternative translation: to the root of the flower.

The five-petaled flower, or nicté, is without doubt the Plumeria. The red Plumeria and the white Plumeria are considered the father and mother respectively of Nohochacyum, the head of the Lacandon Pantheon (Tozzer 1907, p. 93).

Maya, can-hek: literally, four-branched.

See note 4.

Here the flower, probably a Plumeria, is closely associated with the idea of carnal sin. Cf. p. 104, note 15.

"his food cries out, his drink cries out:" here the Mani and Tizimin versions of the narrative have been followed in the translation.

Xau, translated here as claw, also means the toes of a man.

Alternative translation: He holds in his hand a tree.

Alternative translation: Great is his madness.

Lahun Chan: see p. 101, note 2.

A blindfolded god is pictured on page 50 of the Dresden Codex, and the blurred faces of the Lords of the Katuns on page 144 of the Chumayel are believed to represent the same thing.

"He seizes, he demands as his right the mat," etc.: here the Mani and Tizimin versions have been followed, as indicated in the Maya text.

As on page 103, we have here another interpolation which also treats of the interrogation of the chiefs in Katun 3 Ahau. Cf. p. 89.

It seems likely that the Maya compiler has inadvertently written Bolon Chan for Lahun Chan. Bolon means nine, and lahun means ten. No personage by the name of Bolon Chan is known to the translator, while Lahun Chan is well known. See p. 101, note 2.

The than of the katun is translated as its "law," following the explanation on page 171 of the Kaua MS., where it is defined as "ordenanzas." The expression recurs so frequently in this book that an explanation seems to be required. Primarily than means word, speech or language, but it also has a number of different meanings when employed figuratively. If it were not for this definition in the same context in the Kaua MS., we should be inclined to translate it as "the force, power and duration" of the katun. See Motul 1930, p. 875.

"Nun, or ah nun: A stupid foreigner who does not know the language of the country, or a stammerer or a stutterer; also a stupid person whom it is of no use to teach" (Motul 1930, p. 695).

Maya, chuen. The translation is based on the word, ah-chuen, defined as artisan (Motul).

Possible alternative translation: Then those of the lineage of the noble chiefs shall appear. Cf. p. 92.

Possible alternative translation: the conqueror of the stupid ones. Cf. text, p. 34, note 1.