The Scofield Bible Commentary, by Cyrus Ingerson Scofield, [1917], at sacred-texts.com
Genesis Chapter 4
Cain
Cain ("acquisition") is a type of the mere man of the earth. His religion was destitute of any adequate sense of sin, or need of atonement. This religious type is described in 2 Peter 2. Seven things are said of him:
(1) he worships in self-will
(2) is angry with God
(3) refuses to bring a sin offering
(4) murders his brother
(5) lies to God
(6) becomes a vagabond
(7) is, nevertheless, the object of the divine solicitude.
Abel
Abel ("exhalation," or, "that which ascends") is a type of the spiritual man. His sacrifice, in which atoning blood was shed (Heb 9:22) was therefore at once his confession of sin and the expression of his faith in the interposition of a substitute (Heb 11:4).
Cain
Cain ("acquisition") is a type of the mere man of the earth. His religion was destitute of any adequate sense of sin, or need of atonement. This religious type is described in 2 Peter 2. Seven things are said of him:
(1) he worships in self-will
(2) is angry with God
(3) refuses to bring a sin offering
(4) murders his brother
(5) lies to God
(6) becomes a vagabond
(7) is, nevertheless, the object of the divine solicitude.
Abel
Abel ("exhalation," or, "that which ascends") is a type of the spiritual man. His sacrifice, in which atoning blood was shed (Heb 9:22) was therefore at once his confession of sin and the expression of his faith in the interposition of a substitute (Heb 11:4).
flock
Type of Christ, the Lamb of God, the most constant type of the suffering Messiah -- "the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world" (Joh 1:29).
A lamb fitly symbolizes the unresisting innocency and harmlessness of the Lord Jesus (Isa 53:7); (Luk 23:9); (Mat 26:53); (Mat 26:54). This type is brought into prominence by contrast with Cain's bloodless offering of the fruit of his own works, and proclaims, in the very infancy of the race, the primal truth that "without shedding of blood is no remission"; (Heb 9:22); (Heb 11:4).
sin
Or, sin-offering. In Hebrew the same word is used for "sin," and "sin-offering," thus emphasizing in a remarkable way the complete identification of the believer's sin with his sin offering (cf) (Joh 3:14); (Co2 5:21).
Here both meanings are brought together. "Sin lieth at the door," but so also "a sin-offering croucheth at the tent door." It is "where sin abounded" that "grace did much more abound" (Rom 5:20).
Abel's offering implies a previous instruction (cf) (Gen 3:21) for it was "by faith" (Heb 11:4) and faith is taking God at His word; so that Cain's unbloody offering was a refusal of the divine way. But Jehovah made a last appeal to Cain (Gen 4:7) even yet to bring the required offering.
mark
That is, for Cain's protection. The law of (Gen 9:6) was not yet enacted.
Nod
Literally, wandering.
builded a city
The first civilization, that which perished in the judgment of the Flood, was Cainitic in origin, character, and destiny. Every element of material civilization is mentioned in verses (Gen 4:16-22); city and pastoral life, and the development of arts and manufactures. Enoch, after whom the first city was named, means "teacher." The el termination of the names of Enoch's son and grandson shows that for a time the knowledge of Elohim was preserved, but this soon disappears (Rom 1:21-23). Adah means "pleasure," or "adornment"; Zillah, to "hide"; Lamech, "conqueror," or "wild man." Compare (Rom 1:21-25).
(See Scofield) - (Gen 6:4).
The Cainitic civilization may have been as splendid as that of Greece or Rome, but the divine judgment is according to the moral state, not the material. (Gen 6:5-7).
to my wounding
Or, who wounded me. Cain had slain an unoffending man and yet was protected by Jehovah; how much more Lamech, who had slain in self-defence.
Seth
That is, "Sheth", means "appointed".
Enos
That is, mortal.
call upon the name
Or, call themselves by the name of Jehovah.