The Native Tribes of North Central Australia: Appendix A. The Names of the Natives

The Native Tribes of North Central Australia, by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen [1899], at sacred-texts.com

Appendix A. The Names of the Natives

EVERY individual is spoken of as belonging to some particular sub-class and totem, but in addition to this he has at least two individual names. The first of these is the personal name in ordinary use which is more or less frequently used in speaking to or of the individual. The second is the secret or sacred name. As already described in the chapter dealing with the Churinga, every individual has a secret name associated with his or her Churinga nanja. If the individual be regarded as the reincarnation of an ancestor whose spirit part was associated with that Churinga, then he bears the name of that individual; but it may happen that the name of the ancestor of whom he is the reincarnation is not handed down in the traditions, in which case the head man of the local group to which he belongs decides upon the secret name which is given to the individual. In any case this secret name which is given to men and women alike is associated with the Churinga, is spoken of as the Churinga name, and is only known to the fully initiated men of the local group. To take an example, every member of the Alice Springs witchetty grub group has a secret Churinga name which is only known to the fully initiated men of that local group and is never uttered except during the solemn ceremonies when the Churinga are examined as described in connection with the Engwura.

When spéaking to or of a living individual, one of three methods is adopted. First, the term of relationship (Okilia, Mia, etc.), may be used; second, the ordinary personal name may be used; or third, if the person addressed be one who has acted in an official capacity during the initiation of the man who is speaking to him, then p. 638 the term applied to him in connection with this ceremony may be used (for example, Atwia-atwia if he performed the ceremony). This latter term may be spoken of as strictly a term of address.

Further still, an individual often has what may be called a “nick name,” arising from some strongly-marked feature in his figure, or from his fancied resemblance to some animal or plant.

In addition to these names a man has the following, which may be called “status terms,” applied to him, indicating the stage of initiation which he has reached; (1) up to the time at which he is thrown up in the air he is called Ambaquerka; (2) up to the time at which he is taken to the circumcision ground he is called Ulpmerka; (3) during the few days which elapse between his being painted on the circumcision ground and the actual performance of the ceremony, he is called Wurtja; (4) during the few weeks between the operations of circumcision and sub-incision he is called Arakurta; (5) after circumcision and until he has passed through the Engwura he is called Ertwa-kurka; (6) during the few weeks in connection with the close of the Engwura ceremony, when he is sent out into the bush to secure food for the old men and when he may not paint his body he is called Ilpongwurra; (7) after passing through the Engwurra he is called Urliara.

Amongst the women there are only three status terms: (1) up to the time of the first menstruation period she is called Ambaquerka; (2) after this and until she is fully grown and her breasts hang pendent she is called Wunpa; (3) after that she is called Arakutja.

Every man has thus: (1) his sub-class name, (2) his totem name, (3) his personal name, (4) his secret or Churinga name, (5) probably a nick-name, (6) his status term, and (7) he may have, if he has acted as an official during an initiation ceremony, a special term applied to him by the man who was initiated at that ceremony.

In the following table we give the sub-class and totem of the members of five families in the Arunta tribe, and also the personal and secret names of the individuals. In the case of the women it must be remembered that they never know their secret names.

	Sub-Class.	Totem.	Personal Name in Ordinary Use.	Sacred or Churinga Name.
FAMILY 1
Husband	Purula	Little hawk	Apililquirka	Atnimunga urliaka.
Wife, 1	Panunga	Rat	Illuta	Iparmintha.
Daughter	Kumara	Witchetty grub	Untherquaorinia	Ilparta-powiliaka.
Wife, 2	Panunga	Kangaroo	Eltwartapanika	(?)
Wife, 3	Panunga	Lizard	Apmaura	Erkatha-wuru-wurika.
Daughter	Kumara	Emu	Erlia	(?)
Daughter	Kumara	Water	Ungararinia	Illyaka.
FAMILY 2.
Husband	Panunga	Eagle hawk	Irritcha	Kauun-jirika.
Wife, 1	Purula	Hakea	Kuperta	Ilkalurkna.
Wife, 2	Purula	Hakea	Apmaura	Akita-thurinjirrika.
Son	Appungerta	Witchetty grub	Unchalka	Kintabrinjilika.
Son	Appungerta	Emu	Arkaliliaka	Ariaka.
Son	Appungerta	Eagle hawk	Karra-wunchirka	Kintji-iruka.
Son	Appungerta	Arakurta 1	Wangallia	Atnam-juru-wulika.
Daughter	Appungerta	Witchetty grub	Chantunga 2	Upata-pur-uilika.
Daughter	Appungerta	Witchetty grub	Chantunga 2	Lalku-lalkudia.
FAMILY 3.
Husband	Bulthara	Witchetty grub	Unchalka	Akukathurika.
Wife, 1	Kumara	Lace lizard	Erliwatchera	Arularintika.
Son	Uknaria	Large lizard	Ungardjibrinia	Ulmirtwiririka.
Son	Uknaria	Witchetty grub	Unchalka	Untatwirika.
Wife, 2	Kumara	Large lizard	Apungilchuringa	Auadauwa.
FAMILY 4.
Husband	Purula	Emu	Arriaka	Illpungwurra.
Wife	Panunga	Ullukumba	Ertuntarra	Muringa.
Son	Kumara	Wild cat	Irkuntera	Umbataka.
Daughter	Kumara	Lizard	Inkuterta	Ilchilyera.
Son	Kumara	Kangaroo	Wiliwilyika	Murana.
FAMILY 5.
Husband	Bulthara	Witchetty grub	Erti-cherti cheringa	Uchuaqua.
Wife	Kumara	Witchetty grub	Untherqua brinia	Ilparta-paurliaka.
Son	Uknaria	Kangaroo	Kulla-kulla	Nita-wilyiaka.
Daughter	Uknaria	Witchetty grub	Chauritji-rinia	Nungua.
Son 3	Uknaria	Witchetty grub	Inti-illa

Footnotes

639:1 Arakurta of the Elonka totem, the latter being a plant, Marsdenia sp., the fruit of which is called Elonka.

639:2 Sometimes, as in this case, two sisters or two brothers have the same name. They are not twins.