CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Page

1.

The Theatre

1-6

1. Ancient Arabia

1

2. The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shi‘ites

2

3. The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa

3

4. The Abbasids. Bagdad

3

5. Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate

5

2.

Oriental Wisdom

6-11

1. Semitic Speculation

6

2. Persian Religion. Zrwanism

8

3. Indian Wisdom

8

3.

Greek Science

11-30

1. The Syrians

11

2. The Christian Churches

11

3. Edessa and Nisibis

12

4. Harran

13

5. Gondeshapur

14

6. Syriac Translations

14

7. Philosophy among the Syrians

16

8. Arabic Translations

17

9. The Philosophy of the Translators

19

10. Range of Tradition

21

11. Continuation of Neo-Platonism

22

12. The "Book of the Apple"

24

13. The "Theology of Aristotle"

25

14. Conception of Aristotle

27

15. Philosophy in Islam

28

p. x

CHAPTER II.

PHILOSOPHY AND ARAB KNOWLEDGE.

Page

1.

Grammatical Science

31-35

1. The several Sciences

31

2. The Arabic Language. The Koran

31

3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa

32

4. Grammar influenced, by Logic. Metrical Studies

33

5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy

35

2.

Ethical Teaching

36-41

1. Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna, Hadith, Ra’y)

36

2. Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation (Idjma)

37

3. Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical System (al-Fiqh)

38

4. Ethics and Politics

40

3.

Doctrinal Systems

41-64

1. Christian Dogmatic

41

2. The Kalam

42

3. The Mutazilites and their Opponents

43

4. Human and Divine Action

44

5. The Being of God

46

6. Revelation and Reason

48

7. Abu-l-Hudhail

49

8. Nazzam

51

9. Djahiz

53

10. Muammar and Abu Hashim

54

11. Ashari

55

12. The Atomistic Kalam

57

13. Mysticism or Sufism

62

4.

Literature and History

65-61

1. Literature

65

2. Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri

65

3. Annalistic. Historical Tradition

67

4. Masudi and Muqaddasi

69

CHAPTER III.

THE PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY.

1.

Natural Philosophy

72-80

1. The Sources

72

2. Mathematical Studies

73

3. Natural Science

75

4. Medicine 76

5. Razi

77

6. The Dahrites

80

p. xi

Page

2.

The Faithful Brethren of Basra

81-96

1. The Karmatites

81

2. The Brethren and their Encyclopaedia

82

3. Eclecticism

84

4. Knowledge

85

5. Mathematics

87

6. Logic

89

7. God and the World

90

8. The Human Soul

92

9. Philosophy of Religion

93

10. Ethics

94

11. Influence of the Encyclopaedia

95

CHAPTER IV.

THE NEO-PLATONIC ARISTOTELIANS OF THE EAST.

1.

Kindi

97-106

1. His Life

97

2. Relation to Theology

99

3. Mathematics

100

4. God; World; Soul

101

5. Doctrine of the Spirit (‘aql)

102

6. Kindi as an Aristotelian

104

7. The School of Kindi

105

2.

Farabi

106-128

1. The Logicians

106

2. Farabi's Life

107

3. Relation to Plato and Aristotle

108

4. Farabi's Conception of Philosophy

110

5. His Logic

111

6. His Metaphysics. Being. God

114

7. The Celestial World

115

8. The Terrestrial World

117

9. The Human Soul

118

10. The Spirit in Man

119

11. Farabi's Ethics

121

12. His Politics

122

13. The Future Life

123

14. General Survey of Farabi's System

124

15. Effects of his Philosophy. Sidjistani

126

3.

Ibn Maskawaih

128-131

1. His Position

128

2. The Nature of the Soul

128

3. The Principles of his Ethics

129

p. xii

Page

4.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

131-148

1. His Life

131

2. His Work

132

3. Branches of Philosophy. Logic

134

4. Metaphysics and Physics

135

5. Anthropology and Psychology

139

6. The Reason

141

7. Allegorical Representation of the Doctrine of the Reason

143

8. Esoteric Teaching

144

9. Ibn Sina's Time. Beruni

145

10. Behmenyar

146

11. Survival of Ibn Sina's Influence

147

5.

Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen)

148-153

1. Scientific Movement turning Westward

148

2. Ibn al-Haitham's Life and Works

149

3. Perception and Judgment

150

4. Slender effect left by his Teaching

152

CHAPTER V.

THE OUTCOME OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST.

1.

Gazali

154-168

1. Dialectic and Mysticism

154

2. Gazali's Life

155

3. Attitude towards his Time: Hostility to Aristotelianism

158

4. The World as the Production of God's Free Creative Might

159

5. God and Divine Providence

162

6. Doctrine of the Resurrection

163

7. Gazali's Theology

164

8. Experience and Revelation

166

9. Estimate of Gazali's Position and Teaching

168

2.

The Epitomists

169-171

1. Position of Philosophy in the East, after Gazali's Time

169

2. Philosophical Culture

170

CHAPTER VI.

PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST.

1.

Beginnings

172-175

1. The Age of the Omayyads

172

2. The Eleventh Century

174

p. xiii

Page

2.

Ibn Baddja (Avempace)

175-181

1. The Almoravids

175

2. Ibn Baddja's Life

176

3. The Character of his Works

177

4. His Logic and Metaphysics

177

5. His Opinions regarding Soul and Spirit

178

6. The Individual Man

179

3.

Ibn Tofail (Abubacer)

181-187

1. The Almohads

181

2. Ibn Tofail's Life

182

3. "Hai ibn Yaqzan"

182

4. "Hai" and the Development of Humanity

184

5. "Hai's" Ethics

185

4.

Ibn Roshd (Averroes)

187-199

1. His Life

187

2. Ibn Roshd and Aristotle

188

3. Logic. Attainability of Truth

189

4. The World and God

191

5. Body and Spirit

193

6. Spirit and Spirits

194

7. Estimate of Ibn Roshd as a Thinker

196

8. Summary of his Views on the Relations of Theology, Religion and Philosophy to one another. Practical Philosophy

197

CHAPTER VII.

CONCLUSION.

1.

Ibn Khaldun

200-208

1. The Conditions of his Time

200

2. Ibn Khaldun's Life

201

3. Philosophy and Worldly Experience

202

4. Philosophy of History. Historical Method

204

5. The Subject of History

205

6. Characterization

206

2.

The Arabs and Scholasticism

208-213

1. Political Situation. The Jews

208

2. Palermo and Toledo

209

3. Parisian Averroism in the Thirteenth Century

211