	Page
CHAPTER I. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF SÂKYAMUNI, THx FOUNDER OF BUDDHISM. Origin--The principal events in his life.--His attainment of the perfection of a Buddha.--Period Of his existence	3
CHAPTER II. GRADUAL RISE AND PRESENT AREA OF THE BUDDHIST RELIGION. Development and decline in India.--Extension over various parts of Asia.--Comparison of the number of Buddhists with that of Christians	9
CHAPTER III. THE RELIGIOUS SYSTEM OF SÂKYAMUNI. The fundamental law.--The dogma of the Four Truths, and the paths leading to salvation	15
CHAPTER IV. THE HÎNAYÂNA SYSTEM. Controversies about Sâkyamuni's laws	19
The Hînayâna doctrines. The twelve Nidânas; character of the precepts; incitation to abstract meditation; gradations of perfection	22
{p. xvi}
CHAPTER V. THE MAHÂYÂNA SYSTEMS. Nâgârjuna	30
The fundamental Mahâyâna principles	32
The contemplative Mahâyâna (Yogâchârya) system	39
The Prasanga-Madhyamika school	41
CHAPTER VI. THE SYSTEM OF MYSTICISM. General character.--The Kâla Chakra system; its origin and dogmas	46
SECTION II. TIBETAN BUDDHISM.
CHAPTER VII. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO TÍBET. Earliest religion of the Tibetans	61
Introduction of Buddhist dogmas into Eastern Tibet. Era of King Srongtsan Gampo and King Thisrong de tsan.--The reforms of the Lama Tsonkhapa	62
Propagation of Buddhism into China, Ladák, and Eastern Himálaya	71
Buddhist sects in Tibet	72
CHAPTER VIII. THE SACRED LITERATURE. Works translated from Sanskrit, and works written in Tibetan	76
The two compilations of Kanjur and Tanjur	78
Tibetan literature in Europe	81
Analysis of the Mani Kambum	84
Names and representations of Padmapâni	88
CHAPTER IX. VIEWS ON METEMSYCHOSIS. Re-births	91
Means of deliverance from re-birth	94
Sukhavatî, the abode of the blessed	98
CHAPTER X. DETAILS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE. Amount of religious knowledge	103
Gods, genii, and malignant spirits. The spirits Lhamayin and Dudpos. The legends about Lhamo, Tsangpa, and Chakdor	107
Prayers	117
CHAPTER XI. TRANSLATION OF AN ADDRESS TO THE BUDDHAS OF CONFESSION. Translation and explanatory remarks (For additions see p. 393)	122
{p. xvii}
PART II. PRESENT LAMAIC INSTITUTIONS.
CHAPTER XII. THE TIBETAN PRIESTHOOD. Materials contained in reports of European travellers	145
Fundamental laws	148
Hierarchical system	152
Organization of the clergy
Principles of its constitution	159
Revenues	160
Grades amongst the Lamas	161
Number of Lamas	164
Occupations	165
Diet	167
Dress. (Caps and hats; gown; inner vest; cloak; boots; shoes; rosaries; amulet-boxes)	170
CHAPTER XIII. RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS.
Ceremonies preceding the erection	177
Monasteries	179
Historical document relating to the foundation of the monks of Hímis, in Ladák	183
Temples	188
Religious monuments
1. Chortens	192
2. Manis	196
3. Derchoks and Lapchas	198
CHAPTER XIV. REPRESENTATIONS OF, BUDDHIST DEITIES.
Deities represented	201
Methods of executing sacred objects. Drawings and paintings. Statues and bas-reliefs	202
Characteristic types.
General attitude of the, body and position of the fingers	207
Buddhas	208
Bôdhisattvas	212
Priests, ancient and modern	213
Dragsheds	214
Illustrations derived from Measurements	216
{p. xviii}
CHAPTER XV. WORSHIP OF THE DEITIES, AND RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES.
Daily service	227
Offerings. Musical instruments	228
Prayer-cylinders	229
Performance of religious Dramas	232
Sacred days and festivals.
Monthly and annual festivals	237
The ceremony Tuisol	239
The ceremony Nyungne	240
Rites for the attainment of supernatural faculties	242
Peculiar ceremonies for ensuring the assistance of the gods.
1. The rite Dubjed	247
2. The Burnt-offering	249
3. Invocation of Lungta	253
4. The Talisman Changpo	256
5. The magical figure Phurbu	257
6. The ceremony Thugdam Kantsai	260
7. Invocation of Nagpo Chenpo by "moving the arrow"	261
8. The ceremony Yangug	263
9. Ceremonies performed in cases of Illness	265
10. Funeral rites	269
CHAPTER XVI. THE SYSTEMS OF RECKONING TIME.
1. Calendars and Astrological tables	273
2. The various modes of Chronology
The cycle of twelve years	275
Counting back from the current year	276
The cycle of sixty years	276
The cycle of two hundred and fifty-two years	284
3. The Year and its divisions	287
CHAPTER XVII. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TABLES USED FOR ASTROLOGICAL PURPOSES.
Importance attributed to Astrology	290
I. Tables for indicating lucky and unlucky periods.
1. The elements and cyclic animals	293
2. The spirits of the season	298
3. Figures and oracles for determining the character of a given day	300
{p. xix}
II. Tables for direction in important undertakings.
1. The square tortoise	304
2. The circular tortoise	311
III. Tables of destiny in cases of sickness.
1. The human figures	313
2. Allegorical figures and dice	314
IV. Tables of marriage.
1. Table with numerals	315
2. Table with cyclic animals	318
V. A Soothsaying table with numerous figures and sentences	320
APPENDIX.
A. LITERATURE: an alphabetical list of the works and memoirs connected with Buddhism, its dogmas, history and geographical distribution	331
B. GLOSSARY OF TIBETAN TERMS, their spelling and transliteration with a reference to the explanations contained in this volume {omitted}	371
C. ADDITIONS TO THE ADDRESS TO THE BUDDHAS OF CONFESSION, translated in Chapter XI {omitted}	393
INDEX {omitted}	397

{p. xxi}

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES OF THE ATLAS.

{Illustrations omitted}

Group I.

Representations of Deities.

Plate I. The thirty-five. Buddhas of Confession, in Tibetan Tungshakchi sangye songs.

II. Vajrasattva, in Tibetan Dozjesempa, the God above all.

III. The Dhyâni Buddha Amitâbha, in Tibetan Odpagmed.

IV. Padmapâni, in Tibetan Chenresi, the particular Protector of Tibet.

V. Maitreya, in Tibetan Jampa, the Buddha to come,

VI. Manjusrî, in Tibetan Jamjang, the God of wisdom.

VII. The goddess Doljang, the deified consort of king Srongtsan Gampo, (A.D. 617-98).

VIII. Dzambhala, or Dodnevangpo, the God of wealth, with his assistants.

IX. Bihar Gyalpo, the Patron of monasteries and temples.

X. Choichong Gyalpo, the God of astrology, and Protector of man against evil spirits.

XI. Dzambhala, or Dodnevangpo, the God of wealth.

{p. xxii}

Plate XII. Padmapâni, in Tibetan Chenresi, the particular Protector of Tibet.

XIII. Padma Sambhava, a deified Indian sage of the eight century A.D.

Group II.

Sentences and Figures for averting the dangers arising from evil spirits.

Plate XIV. The six-syllabic prayer: "Om mani padme hum."

XV. The six-syllabic prayer: "Om mani padme hum."

XVI. The magical figure Dabchad, "octagon."

XVII. Mystical sentences with the Figure of the Airy Horse.

XVIII. The magical figure Phurbu, with the face of Tamdin.

XIX. A Soothsaying Table, with numerous figures and sentences.

XX. Table to indicate lucky and unlucky periods, as well as the chances of undertakings.

TABLES OF NATIVE PRINT IN THE TEXT.

Plate I. The fundamental Dogma of the Buddhist Faith.
1. In Sanskrit, written with Tibetan characters.
2. A Tibetan translation of the same 16

II. Address to the Goddess Lhamo, in Sanskrit Kâladêvî 114

III. Vajrapâni, or Chakdor, the Subduer of the Evil Spirits.
Reduced from the original, which is cut into a prayer-stone put upon a prayer-wall in Síkkim 114

IV. The six-syllabic prayer--"Om mani padme hum."

Taken from a woodcut from Eastern Tibet 120

{p. xxiii}

Plate V. to VIII. Digpa thamchad shagpar terchoi, an Address to the Buddhas of Confession 142

IX. Historical Document relating to the Foundation of the Monastery of Hímis, in Ladák 188

X. Melhai Gyalpo, the Lord of the Genii of Fire.
From a woodcut from Eastern Tibet 252

XI. Mystical sentences, with the figure of the Airy Horse. From Hímis.
The letters are here inverted, the same having been cut into the block itself in their positive form 254

XII. Forms of invocations of Lungta, the Airy Horse.
No. 1. Print from a Tibetan woodcut from Síkkim.
No. 2. Copies of formulae, obtained at the Monastery of Hímis, in Ladák 254

XIII. The Talisman Chango. From Dába in Gnári Khórsum 256

XIV. Print from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.
No. 1., from Síkkim 268

XV. Prints from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.

No. 2., from Síkkim 268

XVI. Prints from slips of wood used in Tibet as a supposed protection against Evil Spirits.
No. 3., from Síkkim 268

XVII. Treaty between Adolphe Schlagintweit and the Chinese Authorities of Dába.
This was in reference to the routes he and his brother Robert should be allowed to take in Gnári Khórsum 278

XVIII. Divination Formulae.
Taken from Figure-tables from Lhássa. 1. To calculate the direction favourable for an undertaking; 2. For learning beforehand the issue of an illness 308

{p. xxiv}

Plate XIX. Divination Formulae.
Taken from Figure-tables from Gnári Khórsum. 1. For the interpretation of oracles. (The oracles to which they refer are given on Plate XX.) 2. Rythmical sentences concerning the influence of the elements, for good or bad, upon a proposed marriage 318

XX. Queries and Answers.
Taken from a soothsaying-table from Gnári Khórsum 322

ERRATA

Page 3 in the heading; for exislence read existence.

Page 9 in the heading; for developement read development.

Page 16, line 26; for fourtth read fourth.

Page 35, line 10; for kundzabchi read kundzobchi.

Page 37, line 23; for well-towards-disposed read well-disposed towards.

Page 42, line 10; for Togpa nyi read Togpa nyid.

Page 78, line 12; for Palchen read Phalchen.

Page 97, line 11; for Stavirâs read Sthavirâs.

Page 129, line 13; for rNams-par read rNam-par.

Page 133, note 1; for Nyon-thos read Nyan-thos.

Page 258, line 27; for Lhonab, read Lhonub.

Page 276, line 6; for Chag read Phag.

Errors in Tables V. to VIII. of Native Print:

Page 2, line 12; for gshegs-sa read gshegs-pa.

Page 3, line 8; for rnams-par read rnam-par.

Page 4, line 3; for mi-dkor read me-dkor.

Page 4, line 11; for rnam-la-phyag read rnams-la-phyag.

Page 5, line 2; for nyon-thos read nyan-thos.

Page 6, line 5; for bshas-pa-rnam read behas-pa-rnams.

Page 6, line 7; for thar-par read thar-bar.

Page 6, line 11 for bskal-ba read bskal-pa.

Page 7, line 1; for mts'hun read mts'hon.

Page 7, line 2; for rnam-sa read rnam-pa.

Page 7, line 3; for glu-ru-len read glu-rum-len.

{p. 1}

Next: Chapter I. Sketch of the Life of Sakyamuni, The Founder of Buddhism

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES OF THE ATLAS.